DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/ZLXG3022
ABSTRACT
There are still questions that how should regionally and/or nationally organic agriculture (OA) boost in Iran? Has non-permanent legislation (a decade financial support via a special modification on budget law in 1995) on biological control (BC) initiated improving trends of biological soil fertility, conservation agriculture (CA) and organic agriculture (OA) in Iran too? The marketing studies on BC agents (BCAs) and biological fertilizers (BFs) indicated the positive impact of a decade capacity building and also research and development (R&D) by the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) since 1995, but the sustainable development of OA market in Iran (and most of around countries) depends on not only the number and diversity of BCAs and BFs in the markets, but also permanent legislation is still a main requirment for international trade of them.
Keywords: Biological control, biological fertilizers, regulations, legislation, law, Iran
INTRODUCTION
Biological control (BC) methods (classical or importation, conservation and augmentation) have been developed (van Lenteren, 1997) via diverse farming systems (especially in organic agriculture (OA) as shown in Figure 1) and plant protection approaches (especially in medium and high level of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)) . It is assumed that OA boosting requires not only recording and conversion period, but also access to BC agents (BCAs) and biological fertilizers (BFs) (Rezapanah, 2018).
The BC was defined as ‘the study and use of parasites (parasitoids), predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities’ by DeBach (1964), when the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) was established to promote environmentally safe methods of pest and disease control. While history of classical BC in Iran was recorded since the 1930s or earlier, the focal point of BCAs and BFs were considered since 1995, when the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) was approved by the parliment. An independent financial support for BC inserted in the budget law in 1995. It was regarded as a result of stablizing of research department of BC in 1985. A decade long of financial support, capacity building and also research and development (R&D) boosted not only BCAs, but also BFs production and marketing. The BCAs and BFs were increasingly produced and appeared in internal markets and after a while in international markets; For example such as a Bioflash® (a slow release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis M-H-14 with high larviciding effect on Mosquitoes). Also there are some improving trends of conservation agriculture (CA) and OA since 2000 at least till the specfic regulation gap showed its negative affect.
Registration and related legislation on BCAs and BFs
The 1st related law that affects BCAs and BFs marketing should be considered as proving and establishing of the National Plant Protection law and Organization (PPO) in Iran since May 8, 1967 and its bylaw since December 25, 1967. The note under article number 31 of the bylaw indicated that the import of beneficial insects, parasitoids, predators and microorganisms for BC of plant pests are allowed with PPO permission. The 1st recorded microbial BCA in annual reports of PPO is Bacillus thuringiensis preparations against forest pests since the early 1970s. The related regulation number 4716 considered taking care of BCAs in the pesticide registration process by the related council. The regulation was replaced by the new regulation number 8532 since 2006. The BCAs standard number 2339/220/25 were issued on December 29, 2004 by BC research department. It is the indicator of quality control of a few BCAs, but the microbial BCAs still need further regulation via the council.
The BFs regestration have been necessary when the fertlizers production numbers overloaded the market. The regulation issued since November 12, 2014 by the Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI).
A SWOT analysis on CURP and its impact on biological control in paddy fields of Mazandaran province (Arjomandi et al., 2011) indicated that CURP added to the national budget law (since 1995 for a decade) was the main legislation with high positive impact on boosting of BCAs (Rezapanah & Jouzi 2011) and BFs production (as OA inputs) in Iran. It caused not only meaningful R&D boosting and national capacity building on BCAs (Rezapanah, 2018) and BFs in Iran, but also facilitated the development of valuable organic inputs for the future of OA regionally (Rezapanah, 2011). It is difficult to evaluate the impact of CURP’s organic sub-committee since it started on June 7, 1998, it is timely synchronized with 57 hectares (ha) of organic rose water production in Kerman which was recorded in 2000 (Yussefi and Willer 2002). The impact and interaction of such changes should be investigated via continuous policy impact analysis (Stokey & Zeckhauser 1978) of the legislation and regulations on BC, BF and OA (Anynomous, 1999) in Iran.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
The legislation, related laws, bylaws, regulations and standards that may have impacts on OA (Barzali & Rezapanah 2022), BC, BCAs, BFs, soil fertility and CA in the past decades in Iran have been collected from national legislation data banks. Their impacts have been investigated and discussed by elected professionals. The statistic trends of organic agriculture land and wild collection (since 2000 till 2021) as contained in organic books, as well as Willer and Yussefi, 2000 and Willer et al., 2022 and 2023 have been correlated to other indexes such as the BFs amount used in the country and area that BCAs released.
RESULTS
Corrections for the statistic trends of OA and BC in Iran
The statistic trends of organic agricultural land (without wild collection) in Iran is expressed in Table 1. The organic initiation year is 2000 with 57 hectares rose water production (Willer & Yousefi 2002), however, the amount of Iran’s total agricultural land was an overestimate (62,803,000 ha in Willer & Yussefi 2001 and 62,959,000 ha in Willer & Yussefi 2000), the proportions might not be acceptable. Also, the correct number of organic agriculture land for 2009 is 8,853 (ha, not 18,353 ha (Willer et al., 2012). Iran’s organic policies and regulations were recognized as fully implemented since 2012 till 2017, but it was changed in the books of the world of organic agriculture statistics and emerging trends since 2018 again (Willer et al., 2020). The reasons of such changes should be investigated in a risk analysis approach too.
The data correlation with the related regulations to evaluate the impacts of the regulation on organic boosting expressed the gap of legislation for boosting OA and BC via BFs and BCAs market growth. Of course factors out of the studies such as sanctions should be considered in further investigations.
The statistic trends of BC in Iran (Arjomandi et al., 2011 and Rezapanah & Jouzi, 2011) show similar fluctuations. For example, the total area that were covered by producers of Trichograma wasps in the north of Iran reached a quarter of rice fields during CURP then decreased and flactuated. Nowadays, three producers of Gilan provience sell Trichogramma wasps to the paddy farmers of about 7,000 ha (10% of maximum time) without subsidies of goverments sustainably (Personal comunication via Mrs. Franak Mohseni, 2023).
The investigation did not express any related law with positive impact as CURP, of course there are a few regulations with negative and neutral impacts on BFs, BCAs and OA markets. The data bank of BFs registration shows 16,577 records up to date of writing. There are discussions on suitable or necesity of modification on the regulations and bylaw of National Plant Protection law. The national organic R&D program that approved by the minister of agriculture in 2012 is still looking for a private and/or governmental legislation supports.
DISCUSSION
It seems that the BCAs and BFs were increasingly produced in Iran during recent decades. Their diversities were extended by knowledge-based companies, but their markets are still waiting for improving trends of BC, CA and OA. There are questions as should another CURP be aproved? or should an institute improve the regulations and legislations in a nexus approach (Singh et al., 2017) after a policy impact analysis (Stokey & Zeckhauser 1978)? As well as the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute (SPCRI) that legislated by the Iranian parliament in 2003? Can it be as a model for the legal R&D, capacity building and authentication for OA and CA regionally? The impact and interaction of the laws on OA, BFs and BCAs markets (including export and import data) need further monitoring and investigation, but it seems that such legislation should be considered to avoid significant fraud in progressive national and regional markets in a near future by law and bylaw.
In a world of limited resources, where the effect of an action in one system immediately impacts another system, and we are approaching the tipping point of no return in the security of many resources, food being one of the most critically vital, we suggest that sector-wise actions and problem analysis is not only insufficient, but also definitely wrong. Providing sector-wise solutions can only temporary relieve a sectoral symptom and not alleviating the real root-cause, hence, resulting in worsening of the overall situation.
A robust nexus analysis approach to such food sector complicated issues should begin with a starting focus on the positive nexus impacts of a robust organic food system.
In the nexus analysis, where each system consists of its relevant subsystems, e.g., BC, OA and food as a sub-system of the food system (Figure 1). We further suggest the nexus approach to be applied to problem analysis, to solution design and to policy, technology and methodology impact analysis, where combined complex indicators can emerge as better descriptors of real compound multi-dimensional progress rather than incorrect sector-wise misleading indicators.
That is exactly why the institutionalization and its three pillars, namely, cognitive, normative and regulative phases come into the picture (Figure 1) in the aforementioned order. That is, the regulative phase is rather the last step instead of the first. A proper understanding about the vital importance of the need for considerable BC and OA practices for achieving long-term food security and sustainability, supported by strong science and scientific evidence, should find its way to the cognition of policy makers, societal leaders and move forward into the normative phase, by creating a wide-spread societal value in the public domain for BC and OA practices in the food sector and agriculture. Furthermore, appropriate laws can be legislated and implemented with minimal bureaucratic regulations, optimized organizations and minimal societal and environmental external cost. Through strong science and R&Ds, we emphasize on the true nature of OA and its recognition of the interconnectedness of elements of environmental systems and sub-systems and to the essence of sustainability and circularity with its three embedded layers (not pillars), of environment, society and economy, with the environment being the foundation of the other two layers for existence.
Finally, for boosting BCAs, BFs and OA (Babajani et al., 2015) markets in Iran, the legal potential of the National Agriculture and Water Strategic Research Center (NAWSRC) of the Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture (ICCIMA) should be considered further. All regional stakeholders should establish a regional federation via scientific and professional structures such as CEOA/AIPPSS and IOA to pass cognitive and normative phases sustainably and to reach regulative phase for proving required legislation to get benefits of international trade of OA, BFs and BCAs.
REFERENCES
Anynomous (1999): Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labelling and Marketing of Organically Produced Foods: CAC/GL 32. http://www.codexalimentarius.org/ download/standards/360/cxg 032e.pdf
Ansari-Renani HR & Rezapanah M (2017): An investigation on an innovative solution for boosting organic sheep and goat production by nomad pastoralists. In Rahmann et al. 2017. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference “Innovative Research for Organic Agriculture 3.0”, 19th Organic World Congress, New Delhi, India, November 9-11, 2017, volume 2, pp.: 568-572.
Babajani, A.; Shabanali-Fami, H.; Asadi, A. and Rezapanah, M. 2015. Explain driving policy instruments of organic farming development in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and development Research 46 (2): 267-276. 275 pages.
Barzali M & Rezapanah M (2022): Legal bases and strctures of the organic system in I. R. Iran. Rashedin publication.
Dadpour-Moghanloo H, Rezapanah M & Yaghobi N (2011): Biological control of the European corn borer in corn fields of the Moghan, North-West of Iran. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 230-253.
Arjomandi R, Rezapanah M & Jouzi Z (2011): A SWOT analysis of reduction of pesticide use and biological control in paddy fields of Mazandaran province. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 289-304.
Niggli, U; Willer, H. and Baker, B. P. (Editors), Reza Ardakani, Vugar Babayev, Jim Bingen, Mahesh Chander, Jennifer Chang, Kim Seok Chul, Eduardo Cuoco, Malgorzata Conder, Bernhard Freyer, David Gould, Andrew Hammermeister, Marco Hartmann, Brendan Hoare, Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Irene Kadzere, Nic Lampkin, Karen Mapusua, Charles Merfield, Carolin Möller, Gian Nicolay, Toshio Oyama, Vitoon Panyakul, Gerold Rahmann, Mohammedreza Rezapanah, Felix Ruhland, Otto Schmid, Arun K. Sharma, Sang Mok Sohn, Brian Ssebunya, Gabriela Soto, Nazim Uddin, Maria Wivstad, Els Wynen, Qiao Yuhui (2016): A global vision and strategy for organic farming research. TIPI - Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM – organic International, c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland. 115 pp.
Rezapanah, M. 2018. Organic plant protection: requirements base. In: Development of Organic Agriculture in Central Asia (Ed.: Aksoy et al.,). FAO. ISBN: ISBN 978-92-5-130376-4. Pp. 141-150.
Rezapanah M, Jouzi Z & Nikamal N (2015): The development of organic products in Tehran. Center of studies and programming of Tehran. 48 p
Rezapanah M (2015): Establishing national coherent systems for organic agriculture and food and feed risk analysis toward sufficient food safety system. Proceeding of national conference of organic animal, poultry and aquatics products, Rasht, Iran, Sept 2-3, 2015. 15 pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1878.0887
Rezapanah M (2011): Fundamental development of biological control based on organic production system. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 277-288.
Ebrahimi A and Rezapanah M (2011) The strategic program of organic agriculture in Iran. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). 490 p. (In Persian)
Rezapanah M & Jouzi Z (2011): Regulations affecting the development of biological control in Iran. Zeitun 31 (220): 6-12.
Singh BR, McLaughlin MJ & Brevik E (Eds) (2017): The Nexus of Soils, Plants, Animals and Human Health. IUSS; GeoEcology essay by Schweizerbart. 163 pages.
Stokey E & Zeckhauser R (1978): A primer for Policy Analysis, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Norton Publishing, ISBN 0-393-09098-1
Willer H, Schlatter B & Trávníček J, (Eds.) (2023): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H, Trávníček J, Meier C & Schlatter B (Eds.) (2022): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2022. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H, Schlatter B, Trávníček J. Kemper L & Lernoud J (Eds.) (2020): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H, Kilcher L (Eds.) (2012): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H & Yussefi M (2001) Ökologische Agrarkultur Weltweit – Statistiken und Perspektiven Organic Agriculture Worldwide – Statistics and Future Prospects. Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau / Foundation Ecology & Agriculture (SOEL), DE-Bad Dürkheim.
Willer H and Yussefi M (2000): Ökologische Agrarkultur Weltweit – Statistiken und Perspektiven Organic Agriculture Worldwide – Statistics and Future Prospects. 2nd edition. Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau / Foundation Ecology & Agriculture (SOEL), DE-Bad Dürkheim.
Yussefi M & Willer H (Eds.) (2002) Ökologische Agrarkultur Weltweit – Statistiken und Perspektiven Organic Agriculture Worldwide – Statistics and Future Prospects. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM, DE-Tholey-Theley.
A Legislation Overview on Organic Farming in Iran: Biofertilizers and Biological Control Agents
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/ZLXG3022
ABSTRACT
There are still questions that how should regionally and/or nationally organic agriculture (OA) boost in Iran? Has non-permanent legislation (a decade financial support via a special modification on budget law in 1995) on biological control (BC) initiated improving trends of biological soil fertility, conservation agriculture (CA) and organic agriculture (OA) in Iran too? The marketing studies on BC agents (BCAs) and biological fertilizers (BFs) indicated the positive impact of a decade capacity building and also research and development (R&D) by the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) since 1995, but the sustainable development of OA market in Iran (and most of around countries) depends on not only the number and diversity of BCAs and BFs in the markets, but also permanent legislation is still a main requirment for international trade of them.
Keywords: Biological control, biological fertilizers, regulations, legislation, law, Iran
INTRODUCTION
Biological control (BC) methods (classical or importation, conservation and augmentation) have been developed (van Lenteren, 1997) via diverse farming systems (especially in organic agriculture (OA) as shown in Figure 1) and plant protection approaches (especially in medium and high level of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)) . It is assumed that OA boosting requires not only recording and conversion period, but also access to BC agents (BCAs) and biological fertilizers (BFs) (Rezapanah, 2018).
The BC was defined as ‘the study and use of parasites (parasitoids), predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities’ by DeBach (1964), when the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) was established to promote environmentally safe methods of pest and disease control. While history of classical BC in Iran was recorded since the 1930s or earlier, the focal point of BCAs and BFs were considered since 1995, when the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) was approved by the parliment. An independent financial support for BC inserted in the budget law in 1995. It was regarded as a result of stablizing of research department of BC in 1985. A decade long of financial support, capacity building and also research and development (R&D) boosted not only BCAs, but also BFs production and marketing. The BCAs and BFs were increasingly produced and appeared in internal markets and after a while in international markets; For example such as a Bioflash® (a slow release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis M-H-14 with high larviciding effect on Mosquitoes). Also there are some improving trends of conservation agriculture (CA) and OA since 2000 at least till the specfic regulation gap showed its negative affect.
Registration and related legislation on BCAs and BFs
The 1st related law that affects BCAs and BFs marketing should be considered as proving and establishing of the National Plant Protection law and Organization (PPO) in Iran since May 8, 1967 and its bylaw since December 25, 1967. The note under article number 31 of the bylaw indicated that the import of beneficial insects, parasitoids, predators and microorganisms for BC of plant pests are allowed with PPO permission. The 1st recorded microbial BCA in annual reports of PPO is Bacillus thuringiensis preparations against forest pests since the early 1970s. The related regulation number 4716 considered taking care of BCAs in the pesticide registration process by the related council. The regulation was replaced by the new regulation number 8532 since 2006. The BCAs standard number 2339/220/25 were issued on December 29, 2004 by BC research department. It is the indicator of quality control of a few BCAs, but the microbial BCAs still need further regulation via the council.
The BFs regestration have been necessary when the fertlizers production numbers overloaded the market. The regulation issued since November 12, 2014 by the Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI).
A SWOT analysis on CURP and its impact on biological control in paddy fields of Mazandaran province (Arjomandi et al., 2011) indicated that CURP added to the national budget law (since 1995 for a decade) was the main legislation with high positive impact on boosting of BCAs (Rezapanah & Jouzi 2011) and BFs production (as OA inputs) in Iran. It caused not only meaningful R&D boosting and national capacity building on BCAs (Rezapanah, 2018) and BFs in Iran, but also facilitated the development of valuable organic inputs for the future of OA regionally (Rezapanah, 2011). It is difficult to evaluate the impact of CURP’s organic sub-committee since it started on June 7, 1998, it is timely synchronized with 57 hectares (ha) of organic rose water production in Kerman which was recorded in 2000 (Yussefi and Willer 2002). The impact and interaction of such changes should be investigated via continuous policy impact analysis (Stokey & Zeckhauser 1978) of the legislation and regulations on BC, BF and OA (Anynomous, 1999) in Iran.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
The legislation, related laws, bylaws, regulations and standards that may have impacts on OA (Barzali & Rezapanah 2022), BC, BCAs, BFs, soil fertility and CA in the past decades in Iran have been collected from national legislation data banks. Their impacts have been investigated and discussed by elected professionals. The statistic trends of organic agriculture land and wild collection (since 2000 till 2021) as contained in organic books, as well as Willer and Yussefi, 2000 and Willer et al., 2022 and 2023 have been correlated to other indexes such as the BFs amount used in the country and area that BCAs released.
RESULTS
Corrections for the statistic trends of OA and BC in Iran
The statistic trends of organic agricultural land (without wild collection) in Iran is expressed in Table 1. The organic initiation year is 2000 with 57 hectares rose water production (Willer & Yousefi 2002), however, the amount of Iran’s total agricultural land was an overestimate (62,803,000 ha in Willer & Yussefi 2001 and 62,959,000 ha in Willer & Yussefi 2000), the proportions might not be acceptable. Also, the correct number of organic agriculture land for 2009 is 8,853 (ha, not 18,353 ha (Willer et al., 2012). Iran’s organic policies and regulations were recognized as fully implemented since 2012 till 2017, but it was changed in the books of the world of organic agriculture statistics and emerging trends since 2018 again (Willer et al., 2020). The reasons of such changes should be investigated in a risk analysis approach too.
The data correlation with the related regulations to evaluate the impacts of the regulation on organic boosting expressed the gap of legislation for boosting OA and BC via BFs and BCAs market growth. Of course factors out of the studies such as sanctions should be considered in further investigations.
The statistic trends of BC in Iran (Arjomandi et al., 2011 and Rezapanah & Jouzi, 2011) show similar fluctuations. For example, the total area that were covered by producers of Trichograma wasps in the north of Iran reached a quarter of rice fields during CURP then decreased and flactuated. Nowadays, three producers of Gilan provience sell Trichogramma wasps to the paddy farmers of about 7,000 ha (10% of maximum time) without subsidies of goverments sustainably (Personal comunication via Mrs. Franak Mohseni, 2023).
The investigation did not express any related law with positive impact as CURP, of course there are a few regulations with negative and neutral impacts on BFs, BCAs and OA markets. The data bank of BFs registration shows 16,577 records up to date of writing. There are discussions on suitable or necesity of modification on the regulations and bylaw of National Plant Protection law. The national organic R&D program that approved by the minister of agriculture in 2012 is still looking for a private and/or governmental legislation supports.
DISCUSSION
It seems that the BCAs and BFs were increasingly produced in Iran during recent decades. Their diversities were extended by knowledge-based companies, but their markets are still waiting for improving trends of BC, CA and OA. There are questions as should another CURP be aproved? or should an institute improve the regulations and legislations in a nexus approach (Singh et al., 2017) after a policy impact analysis (Stokey & Zeckhauser 1978)? As well as the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute (SPCRI) that legislated by the Iranian parliament in 2003? Can it be as a model for the legal R&D, capacity building and authentication for OA and CA regionally? The impact and interaction of the laws on OA, BFs and BCAs markets (including export and import data) need further monitoring and investigation, but it seems that such legislation should be considered to avoid significant fraud in progressive national and regional markets in a near future by law and bylaw.
In a world of limited resources, where the effect of an action in one system immediately impacts another system, and we are approaching the tipping point of no return in the security of many resources, food being one of the most critically vital, we suggest that sector-wise actions and problem analysis is not only insufficient, but also definitely wrong. Providing sector-wise solutions can only temporary relieve a sectoral symptom and not alleviating the real root-cause, hence, resulting in worsening of the overall situation.
A robust nexus analysis approach to such food sector complicated issues should begin with a starting focus on the positive nexus impacts of a robust organic food system.
In the nexus analysis, where each system consists of its relevant subsystems, e.g., BC, OA and food as a sub-system of the food system (Figure 1). We further suggest the nexus approach to be applied to problem analysis, to solution design and to policy, technology and methodology impact analysis, where combined complex indicators can emerge as better descriptors of real compound multi-dimensional progress rather than incorrect sector-wise misleading indicators.
That is exactly why the institutionalization and its three pillars, namely, cognitive, normative and regulative phases come into the picture (Figure 1) in the aforementioned order. That is, the regulative phase is rather the last step instead of the first. A proper understanding about the vital importance of the need for considerable BC and OA practices for achieving long-term food security and sustainability, supported by strong science and scientific evidence, should find its way to the cognition of policy makers, societal leaders and move forward into the normative phase, by creating a wide-spread societal value in the public domain for BC and OA practices in the food sector and agriculture. Furthermore, appropriate laws can be legislated and implemented with minimal bureaucratic regulations, optimized organizations and minimal societal and environmental external cost. Through strong science and R&Ds, we emphasize on the true nature of OA and its recognition of the interconnectedness of elements of environmental systems and sub-systems and to the essence of sustainability and circularity with its three embedded layers (not pillars), of environment, society and economy, with the environment being the foundation of the other two layers for existence.
Finally, for boosting BCAs, BFs and OA (Babajani et al., 2015) markets in Iran, the legal potential of the National Agriculture and Water Strategic Research Center (NAWSRC) of the Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture (ICCIMA) should be considered further. All regional stakeholders should establish a regional federation via scientific and professional structures such as CEOA/AIPPSS and IOA to pass cognitive and normative phases sustainably and to reach regulative phase for proving required legislation to get benefits of international trade of OA, BFs and BCAs.
REFERENCES
Anynomous (1999): Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labelling and Marketing of Organically Produced Foods: CAC/GL 32. http://www.codexalimentarius.org/ download/standards/360/cxg 032e.pdf
Ansari-Renani HR & Rezapanah M (2017): An investigation on an innovative solution for boosting organic sheep and goat production by nomad pastoralists. In Rahmann et al. 2017. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference “Innovative Research for Organic Agriculture 3.0”, 19th Organic World Congress, New Delhi, India, November 9-11, 2017, volume 2, pp.: 568-572.
Babajani, A.; Shabanali-Fami, H.; Asadi, A. and Rezapanah, M. 2015. Explain driving policy instruments of organic farming development in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and development Research 46 (2): 267-276. 275 pages.
Barzali M & Rezapanah M (2022): Legal bases and strctures of the organic system in I. R. Iran. Rashedin publication.
Dadpour-Moghanloo H, Rezapanah M & Yaghobi N (2011): Biological control of the European corn borer in corn fields of the Moghan, North-West of Iran. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 230-253.
Arjomandi R, Rezapanah M & Jouzi Z (2011): A SWOT analysis of reduction of pesticide use and biological control in paddy fields of Mazandaran province. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 289-304.
Niggli, U; Willer, H. and Baker, B. P. (Editors), Reza Ardakani, Vugar Babayev, Jim Bingen, Mahesh Chander, Jennifer Chang, Kim Seok Chul, Eduardo Cuoco, Malgorzata Conder, Bernhard Freyer, David Gould, Andrew Hammermeister, Marco Hartmann, Brendan Hoare, Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Irene Kadzere, Nic Lampkin, Karen Mapusua, Charles Merfield, Carolin Möller, Gian Nicolay, Toshio Oyama, Vitoon Panyakul, Gerold Rahmann, Mohammedreza Rezapanah, Felix Ruhland, Otto Schmid, Arun K. Sharma, Sang Mok Sohn, Brian Ssebunya, Gabriela Soto, Nazim Uddin, Maria Wivstad, Els Wynen, Qiao Yuhui (2016): A global vision and strategy for organic farming research. TIPI - Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM – organic International, c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland. 115 pp.
Rezapanah, M. 2018. Organic plant protection: requirements base. In: Development of Organic Agriculture in Central Asia (Ed.: Aksoy et al.,). FAO. ISBN: ISBN 978-92-5-130376-4. Pp. 141-150.
Rezapanah M, Jouzi Z & Nikamal N (2015): The development of organic products in Tehran. Center of studies and programming of Tehran. 48 p
Rezapanah M (2015): Establishing national coherent systems for organic agriculture and food and feed risk analysis toward sufficient food safety system. Proceeding of national conference of organic animal, poultry and aquatics products, Rasht, Iran, Sept 2-3, 2015. 15 pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1878.0887
Rezapanah M (2011): Fundamental development of biological control based on organic production system. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 277-288.
Ebrahimi A and Rezapanah M (2011) The strategic program of organic agriculture in Iran. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). 490 p. (In Persian)
Rezapanah M & Jouzi Z (2011): Regulations affecting the development of biological control in Iran. Zeitun 31 (220): 6-12.
Singh BR, McLaughlin MJ & Brevik E (Eds) (2017): The Nexus of Soils, Plants, Animals and Human Health. IUSS; GeoEcology essay by Schweizerbart. 163 pages.
Stokey E & Zeckhauser R (1978): A primer for Policy Analysis, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Norton Publishing, ISBN 0-393-09098-1
Willer H, Schlatter B & Trávníček J, (Eds.) (2023): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H, Trávníček J, Meier C & Schlatter B (Eds.) (2022): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2022. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H, Schlatter B, Trávníček J. Kemper L & Lernoud J (Eds.) (2020): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H, Kilcher L (Eds.) (2012): The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Willer H & Yussefi M (2001) Ökologische Agrarkultur Weltweit – Statistiken und Perspektiven Organic Agriculture Worldwide – Statistics and Future Prospects. Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau / Foundation Ecology & Agriculture (SOEL), DE-Bad Dürkheim.
Willer H and Yussefi M (2000): Ökologische Agrarkultur Weltweit – Statistiken und Perspektiven Organic Agriculture Worldwide – Statistics and Future Prospects. 2nd edition. Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau / Foundation Ecology & Agriculture (SOEL), DE-Bad Dürkheim.
Yussefi M & Willer H (Eds.) (2002) Ökologische Agrarkultur Weltweit – Statistiken und Perspektiven Organic Agriculture Worldwide – Statistics and Future Prospects. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM, DE-Tholey-Theley.