DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/WEJQ5039
ABSTRACT
Plant protection products and techniques are becoming more diverse than before. They are usually protecting crops and plants against pests, diseases, weeds and even non-living agents such as coldness. They are under control of complex rules, standards, acts and conventions. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is a main international agreement on plant health and phytosanitary requirements. It aims to protect cultivated and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of pests nationally, regionally and internationally. The IPPC secretariat is provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). During the century, the approaches of plant protection have changed. Despite the presence of synthetic chemical inputs, which is the primary approach (pest eradication by chemical pesticides); the pests have not been eradicated. Nowadays, the demands for organic agriculture (OA) and biological plant protection are growing. The requirements of such approaches, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production and protection (IP), are mostly considered in the natural plant protection measures that are mostly acceptable for OA. There is a positive interaction between OA growing, biodiversity and accessablity of biological control agents (BCAs) naturally and also as plant protection products in the ecological era. Meanwhaile for market growing of OA and biological plant protection products, the OA requirements should be locally and globally considered. The world of organic agriculture needs an innovation and/or a leadership to synchronize regulations, requirements and measures of plant protection products in different regions to facilitate and boost OA development. It seems for setting social structures and regulation bases not only the comparsion of Europe, north America and east of Asia but also the nexus assessments of the current situation of other regions are locally and regionally necessary.
Keywords: plant protection products, organic agriculture, biological control agents, assessment
INTRODUCTION
Biological control agents (BCAs) have been used in different farming systems, even in conventional agriculture; of course in organic agriculture (OA) and integrated pest management (IPM), especially in high levels of IPM that BCAs are efficent, encouraged and more applicable (Rezapanah et al., 2024 and Rezapanah, 2011b). OA’s practices are categorized in terms of biodiversity, diversification and integration of enterprise, sustainability, natural plant feeding, natural pest management and integrity. OA according to the International Federation for Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM – Organic International) is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. OA combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. Biodynamic is a version of OA with more consideration. It is a holistic, ecological, and ethical approach to farming, gardening, food, and nutrition (Niggli et al., 2017). Also the Codex Alimentarius Commission defines it as “a holistic production management system that avoids use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and genetically modified organisms, minimizes pollution of air, soil and water and optimizes the health and productivity of interdependent communities of plants, animals and people.”
The relationship among sustainable agriculture (SA), OA, biodynamic, integrated crop management (ICM) and also integrated pest management (IPM) as a plant protection approach have been expressed (Rezapanah et al., 2023). Organic agriculture principles are an integration of health, ecology, fairness and care that covers not only human beings, animals, livestock, crops, plant and diversity but also energy, environment, and water.
The comparison of different farming systems facilitates comparison of their plant protection techniques, approaches and their requirements base. Morris and Winter (1999) compared conventional agriculture, ICM and OA in particular aspects such as techniques, knowledge requirements, idea and food chain relations. OA aims to draw consumers closer to producers. There is a lot of potential for producers to exert more control within the food supply chain through alternative methods of marketing, price premiums and non-use of synthetic chemical inputs sustainably; But usually in conventional agriculture, consumers are distant from producers. Producers occupy a potentially more marginal position within the food supply chain. conventional agriculture are focused on the application of technology to increase yields, productivity and profits. The primary approach, pest eradication, based on extra hope to chemical pesticides, has changed to pest control, integrated pest management (IPM), integrated production and protection (IP) and the natural plant protection measures which are all acceptable in organic agriculture. The impacts of synthetic chemical inputs in conventional agriculture, IPM and ICM that cause instability from molecular level to a tissue, individual and community have been reviewed in recent decades (Zala and Penn, 2004 and Porter et al., 1999). Letourneau and van Bruggen (2006) compared relative reliance on different crop protection practices in organic and conventional agriculture.
OA growing depends on the demand for growing organic crops. Also, organic crops need BCAs, natural plant protection measures and biological fertilizer which should be accessable. Regarding the decision of the European Union for 2030 to grow an average of 25% for their members who are engaged in OA (Willer et al., 2023 and Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022), other regions and continents should decide for growing such markets localy and regionally. First of all, the countries and chamber of commerce that have cooperation and agreements try to express the current situation of OA in their coountries as well as Figure 1 that shows 4% average of OA in 27 countries of EU in 2012 (Anonymous, 2012).
The different Asian regions and countries should participate in the mega projects to increase their sharing in development of organic agriculture via harmonized food risk management and setting of harmonized plant protection measures. Also, plant protection techniques and approaches have been developed via farming system requirements. During the century, the approaches of plant protection have changed. So, Asian countries in regional IPPCs should adapt the rules, standards, thecniques and measures for ecological era and requirements of OA. The IPPC is one of the three sisters of international standards setting recognized by the WTO-SPS agreement as Codex and World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). It seems that the world of organic agriculture need an innovation and/or a leadership to synchronize the regulation, requirements and measures of plant protection in different regions to facilitate and boost OA development. Also, plant protection need the requirements of OA for its approach evolution.
Organic plant protection measures?
The measures that are usual in OA are trapping, vacuuming, handpicking, hunting, sulfur dust and sprays, diatomaceous earth, micronutrients (Si or Zn), iron phosphate, CO2, N2, copper hydroxide, Bordeaux mixture, soaps, oils, compost teas, plant extracts without petroleum-based synergists (pyrethrum, rotenone, nicotine, neem, horsetail).
The BCAs include predators (e.g. ladybirds, predatory mites), parasitoids (e.g. egg parasitoids, larval parasitic wasps and flies), bacteria (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis, B. subtilis), entomopathic and nematopathic fungi (e.g. Entomophthora, Trichoderma, Beauveria and Verticillium), viruses (e.g. Arboviruses and Baculoviruses).
They are under different names and formulation in the markets. Of course, with different quality and quantity, they are also accessable or not available under different market rules. The current situation of such plant protection products should be studied locally and regionally. For example, the countries with common cultures and/or common languages such as Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Iran should express the availability of Basillus thuringiensis products in their countries as well as agreements for boosting OA in east of Asia. There are such potential in central Asia and Persian gulf regions too.
Biological control requierments
The control of pests by interference with their ecological status, as by introducing a natural enemy or a pathogen into the environment is simply a definition of Biological control (Rezapanah, 2018 and Sharifi et al., 2014). Also, control of pests by disrupting their ecological status, as through the use of organisms that are natural predators, parasites, or pathogens. Which DeBach (1964) defined as ‘the study and uses of parasites, predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities’. Plant protection approaches based on biological control methods (classical or importation, conservation and augmentation) have been developed (van Lenteren, 1997) via farming system requirements especially in medium and high level IPM and in organic agriculture (Rezapanah, 2011b). Further information is accessible via the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) that promotes environmentally safe methods of pest and disease control.
It seems biological control requierments have been studied, recognized and concerned in different farming systems nowadays. For requirements setting of organic plant protection, BC requirements should be concerned as well as OA requirements, such as recording and conversion period as requirements base (Rezapanah et al., 2023 and Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022).
DISCUSSION
In most cases, food grown using IPM practices is not identified in the marketplace like organic food. Since IPM is a complex pest control process, not merely a series of practices, it is close to impossible to use the one IPM definition for all foods and all areas’ (Figure 1 of Rezapanah et al., 2023). Many individual commodity growers are working to define what IPM means for their crop and region. Their IPM-labeled foods are available in limited areas as IPM-Grown, IPM food. But, there is no considerable national certification for growers using IPM. But, OA has the capacity to keep the environment sustainable as well as the food supply and the overall economy. Also, OA facilitates a harmonized movements based on food risk analysis. Since OA shows without synthetic chemical inputs, a productive result is possible. Of course, about 2% of agricultural lands after decades are not enough for OA movements (Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022). The OA requirements, such as recording and conversion period, should be considered locally and globally. It seems the world of organic needs an innovation (Niggli et al., 2017 and Irannejad-Rankoohi et al., 2023) and/or a leadership to synchronize regulation, requirements and measures of plant protection in different regions to facilitate and boost OA development. The different Asian regions and countries should participate to increase their sharing in the development of organic agriculture via harmonized food risk management and setting harmonized plant protection measures while considering new products and IPPC's experiences (Rezapanah et al., 2023 and Rezapanah, 2018). Such ecological decisions need the nexus assessments (Singh et al., 2017) locally, nationally and regionally based on multilateral agreements. It seems for the setting of social structures and regulation bases needs the indexes camparsion of Europe, north America and east of Asia with the current situation of other regions.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 2012. A decade of EU-funded, low-input and organic agriculture research (2000-2012). Publication office of the European Union. 284 pp.
Barzali, M & Rezapanah, M. 2022. Legal bases and strctures of the organic system in I. R. Iran. Rashedin publication.
DeBach, P. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.
Irannejad-Rankoohi, F; Mirdamadi, M; Hosseini, J F; Lashgarara, F and Rezapanah, M. 2023. Development of a Strategic Management Model for Agricultural Innovation Systems Based on Agricultural Researchers' Viewpoints. International Journal of Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.1504/IJSD.2023.10060791
Lenteren, J.C. van. 1997. From Homo economicus to Homo ecologicus: towards environmentally safe pest control. In: Modern Agriculture and the Environment, D. Rosen, E. Tel-Or, Y. Hadar, Y. Chen (editors), Kluwer Acadamic Publishers, Dordrecht: 17-31.
Letourneau, D. K. and van Bruggen, A. 2006. Crop protection in organic agriculture. In: P. Kristiansen, A. Taji, and J. Reganold (editors), Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective. CSIRO Publishing, Australia: 93-121 .
Morris, C. and Winter, M. 1999. Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?. Land use and policy 16 (4): 193-205.
Niggli, U; Andres, C.; Willer, H. and Baker, B. P. (Editors), Reza Ardakani, Vugar Babayev, Jim Bingen, Mahesh Chander, Jennifer Chang, Kim Seok Chul, Eduardo Cuoco, Malgorzata Conder, Bernhard Freyer, David Gould, Andrew Hammermeister, Marco Hartmann, Brendan Hoare, Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Irene Kadzere, Nic Lampkin, Karen Mapusua, Charles Merfield, Carolin Möller, Gian Nicolay, Toshio Oyama, Vitoon Panyakul, Gerold Rahmann, Mohammedreza Rezapanah, Felix Ruhland, Otto Schmid, Arun K. Sharma, Sang Mok Sohn, Brian Ssebunya, Gabriela Soto, Nazim Uddin, Maria Wivstad, Els Wynen, Qiao Yuhui. 2017. A global vision and strategy for organic farming research - Condensed version. TIPI - Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM – organic International, c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland. 51 pp.
Porter, W. P., Jaeger, J. W. and Carlson, I. H.1999. Endocrine, immune, and behavioural effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concen-trations. Toxicology and Industrial Health 15 (1-2): 133-150.
Rezapanah, M; Taheri, B. and Doolotkeldieva, T. 2024. Positive effects of organic 3.0 on microbial control. The 9th the International Entomopathogens and Microbial Control Congress (EMC 24). October 28-31. Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), Trabzon, Turkey.
Rezapanah, M; Shojai, S and Taheri, B. 2023. A Legislation Overview on Organic Farming in Iran: Biofertilizers and Biological Control Agents. APBB: DOI: http://doi.org/10.56669/ZLXG3022
Rezapanah, M. 2018. Organic plant protection: requirements base. In: Development of Organic Agriculture in Central Asia (Ed.: Aksoy et al.,). FAO. ISBN: 978-92-5-130376-4. Pp. 141-150.
Rezapanah, M. 2011a. Bioethics traces in organic production. Proceeding of 2nd International Congress on Bioethics, Feb. 5-7, 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Genetic Engineering and biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, pp: 95 and144.
Rezapanah, M. 2011b. Fundamental development of biological control based on organic production system. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 277-288.
Sharifi, S.; Karimi, J.; Hosseini, M. and Rezapanah, M. 2014. Efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode species as potential biocontrol agents against the rosaceae longhorned beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens, under laboratory conditions. Nematology 16 (7): 729-737.
Singh, B. R.; McLaughlin, M. J. and Brevik, E. (Eds.). 2017. The Nexus of Soils, Plants, Animals and Human Health. IUSS; GeoEcology essay by Schweizerbart. 163 pages.
Willer, H., Schlatter, B. and Trávníček, J. (Eds.) 2023. The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Zala, S. M., and Penn, D. J. 2004. Abnormal behaviours induced by chemical pollution: a review of the evidence and new challenges. Animal Behaviour 68(4): 649-664.
Necessities of Regional Assessment of Plant Protection Products for Boosting Organic Agriculture
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/WEJQ5039
ABSTRACT
Plant protection products and techniques are becoming more diverse than before. They are usually protecting crops and plants against pests, diseases, weeds and even non-living agents such as coldness. They are under control of complex rules, standards, acts and conventions. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is a main international agreement on plant health and phytosanitary requirements. It aims to protect cultivated and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of pests nationally, regionally and internationally. The IPPC secretariat is provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). During the century, the approaches of plant protection have changed. Despite the presence of synthetic chemical inputs, which is the primary approach (pest eradication by chemical pesticides); the pests have not been eradicated. Nowadays, the demands for organic agriculture (OA) and biological plant protection are growing. The requirements of such approaches, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production and protection (IP), are mostly considered in the natural plant protection measures that are mostly acceptable for OA. There is a positive interaction between OA growing, biodiversity and accessablity of biological control agents (BCAs) naturally and also as plant protection products in the ecological era. Meanwhaile for market growing of OA and biological plant protection products, the OA requirements should be locally and globally considered. The world of organic agriculture needs an innovation and/or a leadership to synchronize regulations, requirements and measures of plant protection products in different regions to facilitate and boost OA development. It seems for setting social structures and regulation bases not only the comparsion of Europe, north America and east of Asia but also the nexus assessments of the current situation of other regions are locally and regionally necessary.
Keywords: plant protection products, organic agriculture, biological control agents, assessment
INTRODUCTION
Biological control agents (BCAs) have been used in different farming systems, even in conventional agriculture; of course in organic agriculture (OA) and integrated pest management (IPM), especially in high levels of IPM that BCAs are efficent, encouraged and more applicable (Rezapanah et al., 2024 and Rezapanah, 2011b). OA’s practices are categorized in terms of biodiversity, diversification and integration of enterprise, sustainability, natural plant feeding, natural pest management and integrity. OA according to the International Federation for Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM – Organic International) is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. OA combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. Biodynamic is a version of OA with more consideration. It is a holistic, ecological, and ethical approach to farming, gardening, food, and nutrition (Niggli et al., 2017). Also the Codex Alimentarius Commission defines it as “a holistic production management system that avoids use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and genetically modified organisms, minimizes pollution of air, soil and water and optimizes the health and productivity of interdependent communities of plants, animals and people.”
The relationship among sustainable agriculture (SA), OA, biodynamic, integrated crop management (ICM) and also integrated pest management (IPM) as a plant protection approach have been expressed (Rezapanah et al., 2023). Organic agriculture principles are an integration of health, ecology, fairness and care that covers not only human beings, animals, livestock, crops, plant and diversity but also energy, environment, and water.
The comparison of different farming systems facilitates comparison of their plant protection techniques, approaches and their requirements base. Morris and Winter (1999) compared conventional agriculture, ICM and OA in particular aspects such as techniques, knowledge requirements, idea and food chain relations. OA aims to draw consumers closer to producers. There is a lot of potential for producers to exert more control within the food supply chain through alternative methods of marketing, price premiums and non-use of synthetic chemical inputs sustainably; But usually in conventional agriculture, consumers are distant from producers. Producers occupy a potentially more marginal position within the food supply chain. conventional agriculture are focused on the application of technology to increase yields, productivity and profits. The primary approach, pest eradication, based on extra hope to chemical pesticides, has changed to pest control, integrated pest management (IPM), integrated production and protection (IP) and the natural plant protection measures which are all acceptable in organic agriculture. The impacts of synthetic chemical inputs in conventional agriculture, IPM and ICM that cause instability from molecular level to a tissue, individual and community have been reviewed in recent decades (Zala and Penn, 2004 and Porter et al., 1999). Letourneau and van Bruggen (2006) compared relative reliance on different crop protection practices in organic and conventional agriculture.
OA growing depends on the demand for growing organic crops. Also, organic crops need BCAs, natural plant protection measures and biological fertilizer which should be accessable. Regarding the decision of the European Union for 2030 to grow an average of 25% for their members who are engaged in OA (Willer et al., 2023 and Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022), other regions and continents should decide for growing such markets localy and regionally. First of all, the countries and chamber of commerce that have cooperation and agreements try to express the current situation of OA in their coountries as well as Figure 1 that shows 4% average of OA in 27 countries of EU in 2012 (Anonymous, 2012).
The different Asian regions and countries should participate in the mega projects to increase their sharing in development of organic agriculture via harmonized food risk management and setting of harmonized plant protection measures. Also, plant protection techniques and approaches have been developed via farming system requirements. During the century, the approaches of plant protection have changed. So, Asian countries in regional IPPCs should adapt the rules, standards, thecniques and measures for ecological era and requirements of OA. The IPPC is one of the three sisters of international standards setting recognized by the WTO-SPS agreement as Codex and World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). It seems that the world of organic agriculture need an innovation and/or a leadership to synchronize the regulation, requirements and measures of plant protection in different regions to facilitate and boost OA development. Also, plant protection need the requirements of OA for its approach evolution.
Organic plant protection measures?
The measures that are usual in OA are trapping, vacuuming, handpicking, hunting, sulfur dust and sprays, diatomaceous earth, micronutrients (Si or Zn), iron phosphate, CO2, N2, copper hydroxide, Bordeaux mixture, soaps, oils, compost teas, plant extracts without petroleum-based synergists (pyrethrum, rotenone, nicotine, neem, horsetail).
The BCAs include predators (e.g. ladybirds, predatory mites), parasitoids (e.g. egg parasitoids, larval parasitic wasps and flies), bacteria (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis, B. subtilis), entomopathic and nematopathic fungi (e.g. Entomophthora, Trichoderma, Beauveria and Verticillium), viruses (e.g. Arboviruses and Baculoviruses).
They are under different names and formulation in the markets. Of course, with different quality and quantity, they are also accessable or not available under different market rules. The current situation of such plant protection products should be studied locally and regionally. For example, the countries with common cultures and/or common languages such as Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Iran should express the availability of Basillus thuringiensis products in their countries as well as agreements for boosting OA in east of Asia. There are such potential in central Asia and Persian gulf regions too.
Biological control requierments
The control of pests by interference with their ecological status, as by introducing a natural enemy or a pathogen into the environment is simply a definition of Biological control (Rezapanah, 2018 and Sharifi et al., 2014). Also, control of pests by disrupting their ecological status, as through the use of organisms that are natural predators, parasites, or pathogens. Which DeBach (1964) defined as ‘the study and uses of parasites, predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities’. Plant protection approaches based on biological control methods (classical or importation, conservation and augmentation) have been developed (van Lenteren, 1997) via farming system requirements especially in medium and high level IPM and in organic agriculture (Rezapanah, 2011b). Further information is accessible via the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) that promotes environmentally safe methods of pest and disease control.
It seems biological control requierments have been studied, recognized and concerned in different farming systems nowadays. For requirements setting of organic plant protection, BC requirements should be concerned as well as OA requirements, such as recording and conversion period as requirements base (Rezapanah et al., 2023 and Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022).
DISCUSSION
In most cases, food grown using IPM practices is not identified in the marketplace like organic food. Since IPM is a complex pest control process, not merely a series of practices, it is close to impossible to use the one IPM definition for all foods and all areas’ (Figure 1 of Rezapanah et al., 2023). Many individual commodity growers are working to define what IPM means for their crop and region. Their IPM-labeled foods are available in limited areas as IPM-Grown, IPM food. But, there is no considerable national certification for growers using IPM. But, OA has the capacity to keep the environment sustainable as well as the food supply and the overall economy. Also, OA facilitates a harmonized movements based on food risk analysis. Since OA shows without synthetic chemical inputs, a productive result is possible. Of course, about 2% of agricultural lands after decades are not enough for OA movements (Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022). The OA requirements, such as recording and conversion period, should be considered locally and globally. It seems the world of organic needs an innovation (Niggli et al., 2017 and Irannejad-Rankoohi et al., 2023) and/or a leadership to synchronize regulation, requirements and measures of plant protection in different regions to facilitate and boost OA development. The different Asian regions and countries should participate to increase their sharing in the development of organic agriculture via harmonized food risk management and setting harmonized plant protection measures while considering new products and IPPC's experiences (Rezapanah et al., 2023 and Rezapanah, 2018). Such ecological decisions need the nexus assessments (Singh et al., 2017) locally, nationally and regionally based on multilateral agreements. It seems for the setting of social structures and regulation bases needs the indexes camparsion of Europe, north America and east of Asia with the current situation of other regions.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 2012. A decade of EU-funded, low-input and organic agriculture research (2000-2012). Publication office of the European Union. 284 pp.
Barzali, M & Rezapanah, M. 2022. Legal bases and strctures of the organic system in I. R. Iran. Rashedin publication.
DeBach, P. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.
Irannejad-Rankoohi, F; Mirdamadi, M; Hosseini, J F; Lashgarara, F and Rezapanah, M. 2023. Development of a Strategic Management Model for Agricultural Innovation Systems Based on Agricultural Researchers' Viewpoints. International Journal of Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.1504/IJSD.2023.10060791
Lenteren, J.C. van. 1997. From Homo economicus to Homo ecologicus: towards environmentally safe pest control. In: Modern Agriculture and the Environment, D. Rosen, E. Tel-Or, Y. Hadar, Y. Chen (editors), Kluwer Acadamic Publishers, Dordrecht: 17-31.
Letourneau, D. K. and van Bruggen, A. 2006. Crop protection in organic agriculture. In: P. Kristiansen, A. Taji, and J. Reganold (editors), Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective. CSIRO Publishing, Australia: 93-121 .
Morris, C. and Winter, M. 1999. Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?. Land use and policy 16 (4): 193-205.
Niggli, U; Andres, C.; Willer, H. and Baker, B. P. (Editors), Reza Ardakani, Vugar Babayev, Jim Bingen, Mahesh Chander, Jennifer Chang, Kim Seok Chul, Eduardo Cuoco, Malgorzata Conder, Bernhard Freyer, David Gould, Andrew Hammermeister, Marco Hartmann, Brendan Hoare, Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Irene Kadzere, Nic Lampkin, Karen Mapusua, Charles Merfield, Carolin Möller, Gian Nicolay, Toshio Oyama, Vitoon Panyakul, Gerold Rahmann, Mohammedreza Rezapanah, Felix Ruhland, Otto Schmid, Arun K. Sharma, Sang Mok Sohn, Brian Ssebunya, Gabriela Soto, Nazim Uddin, Maria Wivstad, Els Wynen, Qiao Yuhui. 2017. A global vision and strategy for organic farming research - Condensed version. TIPI - Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM – organic International, c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland. 51 pp.
Porter, W. P., Jaeger, J. W. and Carlson, I. H.1999. Endocrine, immune, and behavioural effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concen-trations. Toxicology and Industrial Health 15 (1-2): 133-150.
Rezapanah, M; Taheri, B. and Doolotkeldieva, T. 2024. Positive effects of organic 3.0 on microbial control. The 9th the International Entomopathogens and Microbial Control Congress (EMC 24). October 28-31. Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), Trabzon, Turkey.
Rezapanah, M; Shojai, S and Taheri, B. 2023. A Legislation Overview on Organic Farming in Iran: Biofertilizers and Biological Control Agents. APBB: DOI: http://doi.org/10.56669/ZLXG3022
Rezapanah, M. 2018. Organic plant protection: requirements base. In: Development of Organic Agriculture in Central Asia (Ed.: Aksoy et al.,). FAO. ISBN: 978-92-5-130376-4. Pp. 141-150.
Rezapanah, M. 2011a. Bioethics traces in organic production. Proceeding of 2nd International Congress on Bioethics, Feb. 5-7, 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Genetic Engineering and biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, pp: 95 and144.
Rezapanah, M. 2011b. Fundamental development of biological control based on organic production system. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 277-288.
Sharifi, S.; Karimi, J.; Hosseini, M. and Rezapanah, M. 2014. Efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode species as potential biocontrol agents against the rosaceae longhorned beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens, under laboratory conditions. Nematology 16 (7): 729-737.
Singh, B. R.; McLaughlin, M. J. and Brevik, E. (Eds.). 2017. The Nexus of Soils, Plants, Animals and Human Health. IUSS; GeoEcology essay by Schweizerbart. 163 pages.
Willer, H., Schlatter, B. and Trávníček, J. (Eds.) 2023. The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Zala, S. M., and Penn, D. J. 2004. Abnormal behaviours induced by chemical pollution: a review of the evidence and new challenges. Animal Behaviour 68(4): 649-664.