DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/UVSS9435
ABSTRACT
The availability of biological control agents (BCAs) for conventional agriculture and also plant protection products for organic agriculture (OA) were studied during recent decades and also before and after the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) in Iran. Half a century before, two microbial control agents were registered and mentioned in annual list of plant protection products by the National Plant Protection Organization (PPO). The products, based on Bacillus thuringiensis, were investigated for use in combating outbreaks of forest pests. Iranian production of such products increased since CURP projects through biological control facilities, but growth fluctuated following a paradigm shift in the registration process. Capacity building for BCAs and biofertilizers (BFs) should be increasingly prioritized to boost their regional markets, along with products like Bioflash®—a slow-release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis M-H-14 with a potent larvicidal effect on mosquitoes. Despite differences in registration protocols, there is significant potential for the development of BCAs and biofertilizers in West and Central Asia. This potential warrants further exploration and investment through regional coordination, facilitated by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and supported by scientific societies and market providers.
Key words: microbial control agents, plant protection products, biological control agents, Iran
INTRODUCTION
Biological control is defined as the management of pest populations through interventions in their ecological dynamics, such as the introduction of natural enemies or pathogens. According to Sharifi et al. (2014), this approach encompasses strategies that disrupt the ecological status of pests using natural predators, parasites, or pathogens. DeBach (1964) has elaborated on the concept, describing it as "the study and use of parasites, predators, and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities."
Various methodologies for plant protection based on biological control have been established, including classical (or importation), conservation, and augmentation strategies. As highlighted by van Lenteren (1997), these methods have been developed in response to the specific requirements of farming systems, particularly in the context of medium and high-level Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and organic agriculture (Rezapanah, 2011b).
A SWOT Analysis on CURP and its impact on biological control in paddy fields of Mazandaran province (Arjomandi et al., 2011) indicated that CURP added to the national budget law (since 1995 for a decade) was the main legislation with high positive impact on boosting of BCAs (Rezapanah & Jouzi 2011) and biofertilizers (BFs) production (as OA inputs) in Iran.
The availability of biological control agents (BCAs) for conventional agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) should be regularly evaluated by the authorities. They were growing, especially after the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) was launched in Iran. Plant protection products for organic agriculture (OA) have also been primarily studied in recent decades (Rezapanah et al., 2023). Two microbial control agents were registered and mentioned in the annual list of plant protection products by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) half a century before. The products, based on Bacillus thuringiensis, were investigated to combat outbreaks of forest pests. Iranian production of such products increased since CURP projects through biological control facilities, but growth fluctuated following a paradigm shift in the registration process. The available products are registered and some have external markets.
Available biological control agents in the Iran market
Nowadays, the available biological control agents (BCAs) are a diverse range of products, including parasitoids, predators, and pathogens, to control several pests. Also BCAs and anatagonists (based on Tricoderma harzianum T22, Talaromyces flavus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis) for controlling plant diseases. Products based on parasitoids and predators are controlled, but they are still free of registration. The available BCAs in the Iran market are applicable in conventional agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and organic agriculture. The history, trade name and formulations of microbial control agents such as products based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki and also pest targets should be mentioned in another article as well as Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium muscarium and Steinernema carpocapsa. Of course, the lessons of export and registeration of Bioflash®, as a slow release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis M-H-14 with high larviciding effect on Mosquitoes, is interesting due to its eficacy to control the pests of public health. Mosquitoes are a public health concern because of the role they play in the transmission of human and animal diseases (Meki et al., 2021). They are also known as medical vectors with higher risk and consideration of the World Health Organization (WHO) and its national and regional counterparts.
Available plant protection products for organic agriculture in the Iran market
The following are the available and permitted plant protection products for IPM, accompanying or without BCAs. They are permitted in organic agriculture. Of course, they are used by lots of farmers in their conventional agriculture too. The interaction of BCAs and plant protection products is investigated. They are usually synergists to control target pests.
Tondexir® contains Capsaicin (hot red pepper extract in mineral oil formulation as emulsion (EO)and is an effective and environmentally friendly contact insecticide that will control moth larva, caterpillars, thrips, scales, and whiteflies on vegetables, ornamental plants, trees, shrubs, and greenhouse plantings. The dosage is 2 to 2.5 ml/L water, which can be repeated at 5 to 7 day intervals, if required.
Palizin® (Ccoconut soap 65% as soluble liquid (SL)) is an effective contact insecticide and acaricide, which will control a variety of soft bodied insect pests (aphids, whiteflies, leaf hoppers, soft scales) and mites on vegetables, ornamental. The dosage is 1.5 to 2.5 ml/L water, which can be repeated in 3 to 4 day intervals, if required.
Kaliban® (mineral potassium salts 85% as soluble powder (SP)) is an effective inorganic contact fungicide, which will control powdery mildew on greenhouse vegetables and ornamental plants such as roses for treatment of Black Spot. The recommended dosage is 5 g/L water, which can be repeated at 4 to 5 day intervals, if required.
Tobalin® (Copper and Iron salts) is an environmentally friendly product which will protect plants by controlling fungal and bacterial diseases and also repelling snails and slugs. It also provides some micronutrients to plants and should be diluted in water at the rate of 3 -5 ml/L and sprayed on plants to be protected.
Ferricol® (Iron Phosphate 1% formulation : bait (B) physical shape : 3 mm green colored pellets) is a an environmentally friendly molluscicide which will control slugs and snails on different crops, in orchards and greenhouses. It should scattered uniformly on the ground and around the plants to be protected, at the rate of 3 to 5 g/m2. In contrast to common toxic snail baits (Methaldehyde, Carbaryl, Methiocarb), it is very selective and safe and harmless for humans, pets and other non-target animals.
Biological Control Requirements
Regarding the positive impact of CURP on improving trends of biological control facilities in Iran since 2001, it will be effective through a regional Legislation with high positive impact on boosting of BCAs (Rezapanah et al., 2023) and BFs production (as OA inputs) not only for Iran, but also for West of Asia. It will positively affect conservation agriculture (CA) and OA via nexus regulation gap study.
The International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) serves as a valuable resource, promoting environmentally responsible pests and diseases management techniques. Recent studies indicate that the importance of biological control has been increasingly recognized within diverse farming systems. As the foundation for organic plant protection is laid, it is crucial to address biological control requirements in conjunction with Organic Agriculture (OA) standards, including documentation and conversion periods (Rezapanah et al., 2023; Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022). This comprehensive understanding of biological control highlights its importance in sustainable agriculture practices and its potential to enhance pest management strategies.
DISCUSSION
The presence and the availability of biological control agents (BCAs) for conventional agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) show the society and state are ready for organic agriculture (OA) via permitted plant protection products (Rezapanah et al., 2023). While, the presense of IPM practices in the marketplace is often underrepresented compared to organically grown food products. This discrepancy can be attributed to the intricate nature of IPM, which encompasses a comprehensive pest control methodology rather than a simple collection of techniques. As such, it is challenging to establish a universally applicable definition of IPM that encompasses all agricultural products and geographical contexts, as illustrated in Figure 1 of Rezapanah et al. (2023).
Individual commodity producers are increasingly engaged in tailoring the definition of IPM to their specific crops and local conditions. Consequently, some producers are offering foods labeled as “IPM-Grown” or “IPM food,” but the absence of a robust national certification for IPM practices limits the broader recognition and availability of these products. In contrast, organic agriculture (OA) has demonstrated its potential to make significant contributions to environmental sustainability, food supply, and economic viability.
Further investigation into the markets of BCAs and permitted plant protection products, as well as their interactions, is needed to enhance the biological control of plant pests and diseases. They consequently grow the market of OA for internal consumption and exports.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 2012. A decade of EU-funded, low-input and organic agriculture research (2000-2012). Publication office of the European Union. 284 pp.
Barzali, M & Rezapanah, M. 2022. Legal bases and strctures of the organic system in I. R. Iran. Rashedin publication.
DeBach, P. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.
Irannejad-Rankoohi, F; Mirdamadi, M; Hosseini, J F; Lashgarara, F and Rezapanah, M. 2023. Development of a Strategic Management Model for Agricultural Innovation Systems Based on Agricultural Researchers' Viewpoints. International Journal of Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.1504/IJSD.2023.10060791
Lenteren, J.C. van. 1997. From Homo economicus to Homo ecologicus: towards environmentally safe pest control. In: Modern Agriculture and the Environment, D. Rosen, E. Tel-Or, Y. Hadar, Y. Chen (editors), Kluwer Acadamic Publishers, Dordrecht: 17-31.
Letourneau, D. K. and van Bruggen, A. 2006. Crop protection in organic agriculture. In: P. Kristiansen, A. Taji, and J. Reganold (editors), Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective. CSIRO Publishing, Australia: 93-121.
Mokhtarnejhad, E.; Aramideh, S.; Rezazad Bari, M.; Safaralizadeh, M. H.; Rezapanah, M.; Forouzan, M. 2022. Improvement the media culture for spore/crystal production of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and evaluate their virulence against second larval instar of Ephestia kuehniella L. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 52 (2): 97-113.
Meki, Irene K., Hannah-Isadora Huditz, Anton Strunov, René A.A. van der Vlugt, Henry M. Kariithi, Mohammadreza Rezapanah, Wolfgang J. Miller, Just M. Vlak, Monique M. van Oers, and Adly M.M. Abd-Alla. 2021. Characterization and Tissue Tropism of Newly Identified Iflavirus and Negeviruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans Tsetse Flies. Viruses 13 (12): 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122472
Morris, C. and Winter, M. 1999. Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?. Land use and policy 16 (4): 193-205.
Niggli, U; Andres, C.; Willer, H. and Baker, B. P. (Editors), Reza Ardakani, Vugar Babayev, Jim Bingen, Mahesh Chander, Jennifer Chang, Kim Seok Chul, Eduardo Cuoco, Malgorzata Conder, Bernhard Freyer, David Gould, Andrew Hammermeister, Marco Hartmann, Brendan Hoare, Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Irene Kadzere, Nic Lampkin, Karen Mapusua, Charles Merfield, Carolin Möller, Gian Nicolay, Toshio Oyama, Vitoon Panyakul, Gerold Rahmann, Mohammedreza Rezapanah, Felix Ruhland, Otto Schmid, Arun K. Sharma, Sang Mok Sohn, Brian Ssebunya, Gabriela Soto, Nazim Uddin, Maria Wivstad, Els Wynen, Qiao Yuhui. 2017. A global vision and strategy for organic farming research - Condensed version. TIPI - Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM – organic International, c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland. 51 pp.
Porter, W. P., Jaeger, J. W. and Carlson, I. H.1999. Endocrine, immune, and behavioural effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concen-trations. Toxicology and Industrial Health 15 (1-2): 133-150.
Rezapanah, M; Shojai, S and Taheri, B. 2023. A Legislation Overview on Organic Farming in Iran: Biofertilizers and Biological Control Agents. APBB: DOI: http://doi.org/10.56669/ZLXG3022
Rezapanah, M. 2011a. Bioethics traces in organic production. Proceeding of 2nd International Congress on Bioethics, Feb. 5-7, 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Genetic Engineering and biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, pp: 95 and144.
Rezapanah, M. 2011b. Fundamental development of biological control based on organic production system. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 277-288.
Sharifi, S.; Karimi, J.; Hosseini, M. and Rezapanah, M. 2014. Efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode species as potential biocontrol agents against the rosaceae longhorned beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens, under laboratory conditions. Nematology 16 (7): 729-737.
Singh, B. R.; McLaughlin, M. J. and Brevik, E. (Eds.). 2017. The Nexus of Soils, Plants, Animals and Human Health. IUSS; GeoEcology essay by Schweizerbart. 163 pages.
Willer, H., Schlatter, B. and Trávníček, J. (Eds.) 2023. The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Zala, S. M., and Penn, D. J. 2004. Abnormal behaviours induced by chemical pollution: a review of the evidence and new challenges. Animal Behaviour 68(4): 649-664.
Available Plant Protection Products in the Iranian Market for Boosting Organic Agriculture
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/UVSS9435
ABSTRACT
The availability of biological control agents (BCAs) for conventional agriculture and also plant protection products for organic agriculture (OA) were studied during recent decades and also before and after the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) in Iran. Half a century before, two microbial control agents were registered and mentioned in annual list of plant protection products by the National Plant Protection Organization (PPO). The products, based on Bacillus thuringiensis, were investigated for use in combating outbreaks of forest pests. Iranian production of such products increased since CURP projects through biological control facilities, but growth fluctuated following a paradigm shift in the registration process. Capacity building for BCAs and biofertilizers (BFs) should be increasingly prioritized to boost their regional markets, along with products like Bioflash®—a slow-release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis M-H-14 with a potent larvicidal effect on mosquitoes. Despite differences in registration protocols, there is significant potential for the development of BCAs and biofertilizers in West and Central Asia. This potential warrants further exploration and investment through regional coordination, facilitated by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and supported by scientific societies and market providers.
Key words: microbial control agents, plant protection products, biological control agents, Iran
INTRODUCTION
Biological control is defined as the management of pest populations through interventions in their ecological dynamics, such as the introduction of natural enemies or pathogens. According to Sharifi et al. (2014), this approach encompasses strategies that disrupt the ecological status of pests using natural predators, parasites, or pathogens. DeBach (1964) has elaborated on the concept, describing it as "the study and use of parasites, predators, and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities."
Various methodologies for plant protection based on biological control have been established, including classical (or importation), conservation, and augmentation strategies. As highlighted by van Lenteren (1997), these methods have been developed in response to the specific requirements of farming systems, particularly in the context of medium and high-level Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and organic agriculture (Rezapanah, 2011b).
A SWOT Analysis on CURP and its impact on biological control in paddy fields of Mazandaran province (Arjomandi et al., 2011) indicated that CURP added to the national budget law (since 1995 for a decade) was the main legislation with high positive impact on boosting of BCAs (Rezapanah & Jouzi 2011) and biofertilizers (BFs) production (as OA inputs) in Iran.
The availability of biological control agents (BCAs) for conventional agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) should be regularly evaluated by the authorities. They were growing, especially after the national project, Chemical Use Reduction Policy (CURP) was launched in Iran. Plant protection products for organic agriculture (OA) have also been primarily studied in recent decades (Rezapanah et al., 2023). Two microbial control agents were registered and mentioned in the annual list of plant protection products by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) half a century before. The products, based on Bacillus thuringiensis, were investigated to combat outbreaks of forest pests. Iranian production of such products increased since CURP projects through biological control facilities, but growth fluctuated following a paradigm shift in the registration process. The available products are registered and some have external markets.
Available biological control agents in the Iran market
Nowadays, the available biological control agents (BCAs) are a diverse range of products, including parasitoids, predators, and pathogens, to control several pests. Also BCAs and anatagonists (based on Tricoderma harzianum T22, Talaromyces flavus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis) for controlling plant diseases. Products based on parasitoids and predators are controlled, but they are still free of registration. The available BCAs in the Iran market are applicable in conventional agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and organic agriculture. The history, trade name and formulations of microbial control agents such as products based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki and also pest targets should be mentioned in another article as well as Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium muscarium and Steinernema carpocapsa. Of course, the lessons of export and registeration of Bioflash®, as a slow release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis M-H-14 with high larviciding effect on Mosquitoes, is interesting due to its eficacy to control the pests of public health. Mosquitoes are a public health concern because of the role they play in the transmission of human and animal diseases (Meki et al., 2021). They are also known as medical vectors with higher risk and consideration of the World Health Organization (WHO) and its national and regional counterparts.
Available plant protection products for organic agriculture in the Iran market
The following are the available and permitted plant protection products for IPM, accompanying or without BCAs. They are permitted in organic agriculture. Of course, they are used by lots of farmers in their conventional agriculture too. The interaction of BCAs and plant protection products is investigated. They are usually synergists to control target pests.
Tondexir® contains Capsaicin (hot red pepper extract in mineral oil formulation as emulsion (EO)and is an effective and environmentally friendly contact insecticide that will control moth larva, caterpillars, thrips, scales, and whiteflies on vegetables, ornamental plants, trees, shrubs, and greenhouse plantings. The dosage is 2 to 2.5 ml/L water, which can be repeated at 5 to 7 day intervals, if required.
Palizin® (Ccoconut soap 65% as soluble liquid (SL)) is an effective contact insecticide and acaricide, which will control a variety of soft bodied insect pests (aphids, whiteflies, leaf hoppers, soft scales) and mites on vegetables, ornamental. The dosage is 1.5 to 2.5 ml/L water, which can be repeated in 3 to 4 day intervals, if required.
Kaliban® (mineral potassium salts 85% as soluble powder (SP)) is an effective inorganic contact fungicide, which will control powdery mildew on greenhouse vegetables and ornamental plants such as roses for treatment of Black Spot. The recommended dosage is 5 g/L water, which can be repeated at 4 to 5 day intervals, if required.
Tobalin® (Copper and Iron salts) is an environmentally friendly product which will protect plants by controlling fungal and bacterial diseases and also repelling snails and slugs. It also provides some micronutrients to plants and should be diluted in water at the rate of 3 -5 ml/L and sprayed on plants to be protected.
Ferricol® (Iron Phosphate 1% formulation : bait (B) physical shape : 3 mm green colored pellets) is a an environmentally friendly molluscicide which will control slugs and snails on different crops, in orchards and greenhouses. It should scattered uniformly on the ground and around the plants to be protected, at the rate of 3 to 5 g/m2. In contrast to common toxic snail baits (Methaldehyde, Carbaryl, Methiocarb), it is very selective and safe and harmless for humans, pets and other non-target animals.
Biological Control Requirements
Regarding the positive impact of CURP on improving trends of biological control facilities in Iran since 2001, it will be effective through a regional Legislation with high positive impact on boosting of BCAs (Rezapanah et al., 2023) and BFs production (as OA inputs) not only for Iran, but also for West of Asia. It will positively affect conservation agriculture (CA) and OA via nexus regulation gap study.
The International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) serves as a valuable resource, promoting environmentally responsible pests and diseases management techniques. Recent studies indicate that the importance of biological control has been increasingly recognized within diverse farming systems. As the foundation for organic plant protection is laid, it is crucial to address biological control requirements in conjunction with Organic Agriculture (OA) standards, including documentation and conversion periods (Rezapanah et al., 2023; Barzali and Rezapanah, 2022). This comprehensive understanding of biological control highlights its importance in sustainable agriculture practices and its potential to enhance pest management strategies.
DISCUSSION
The presence and the availability of biological control agents (BCAs) for conventional agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) show the society and state are ready for organic agriculture (OA) via permitted plant protection products (Rezapanah et al., 2023). While, the presense of IPM practices in the marketplace is often underrepresented compared to organically grown food products. This discrepancy can be attributed to the intricate nature of IPM, which encompasses a comprehensive pest control methodology rather than a simple collection of techniques. As such, it is challenging to establish a universally applicable definition of IPM that encompasses all agricultural products and geographical contexts, as illustrated in Figure 1 of Rezapanah et al. (2023).
Individual commodity producers are increasingly engaged in tailoring the definition of IPM to their specific crops and local conditions. Consequently, some producers are offering foods labeled as “IPM-Grown” or “IPM food,” but the absence of a robust national certification for IPM practices limits the broader recognition and availability of these products. In contrast, organic agriculture (OA) has demonstrated its potential to make significant contributions to environmental sustainability, food supply, and economic viability.
Further investigation into the markets of BCAs and permitted plant protection products, as well as their interactions, is needed to enhance the biological control of plant pests and diseases. They consequently grow the market of OA for internal consumption and exports.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 2012. A decade of EU-funded, low-input and organic agriculture research (2000-2012). Publication office of the European Union. 284 pp.
Barzali, M & Rezapanah, M. 2022. Legal bases and strctures of the organic system in I. R. Iran. Rashedin publication.
DeBach, P. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.
Irannejad-Rankoohi, F; Mirdamadi, M; Hosseini, J F; Lashgarara, F and Rezapanah, M. 2023. Development of a Strategic Management Model for Agricultural Innovation Systems Based on Agricultural Researchers' Viewpoints. International Journal of Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.1504/IJSD.2023.10060791
Lenteren, J.C. van. 1997. From Homo economicus to Homo ecologicus: towards environmentally safe pest control. In: Modern Agriculture and the Environment, D. Rosen, E. Tel-Or, Y. Hadar, Y. Chen (editors), Kluwer Acadamic Publishers, Dordrecht: 17-31.
Letourneau, D. K. and van Bruggen, A. 2006. Crop protection in organic agriculture. In: P. Kristiansen, A. Taji, and J. Reganold (editors), Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective. CSIRO Publishing, Australia: 93-121.
Mokhtarnejhad, E.; Aramideh, S.; Rezazad Bari, M.; Safaralizadeh, M. H.; Rezapanah, M.; Forouzan, M. 2022. Improvement the media culture for spore/crystal production of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and evaluate their virulence against second larval instar of Ephestia kuehniella L. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 52 (2): 97-113.
Meki, Irene K., Hannah-Isadora Huditz, Anton Strunov, René A.A. van der Vlugt, Henry M. Kariithi, Mohammadreza Rezapanah, Wolfgang J. Miller, Just M. Vlak, Monique M. van Oers, and Adly M.M. Abd-Alla. 2021. Characterization and Tissue Tropism of Newly Identified Iflavirus and Negeviruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans Tsetse Flies. Viruses 13 (12): 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122472
Morris, C. and Winter, M. 1999. Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?. Land use and policy 16 (4): 193-205.
Niggli, U; Andres, C.; Willer, H. and Baker, B. P. (Editors), Reza Ardakani, Vugar Babayev, Jim Bingen, Mahesh Chander, Jennifer Chang, Kim Seok Chul, Eduardo Cuoco, Malgorzata Conder, Bernhard Freyer, David Gould, Andrew Hammermeister, Marco Hartmann, Brendan Hoare, Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Irene Kadzere, Nic Lampkin, Karen Mapusua, Charles Merfield, Carolin Möller, Gian Nicolay, Toshio Oyama, Vitoon Panyakul, Gerold Rahmann, Mohammedreza Rezapanah, Felix Ruhland, Otto Schmid, Arun K. Sharma, Sang Mok Sohn, Brian Ssebunya, Gabriela Soto, Nazim Uddin, Maria Wivstad, Els Wynen, Qiao Yuhui. 2017. A global vision and strategy for organic farming research - Condensed version. TIPI - Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM – organic International, c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland. 51 pp.
Porter, W. P., Jaeger, J. W. and Carlson, I. H.1999. Endocrine, immune, and behavioural effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concen-trations. Toxicology and Industrial Health 15 (1-2): 133-150.
Rezapanah, M; Shojai, S and Taheri, B. 2023. A Legislation Overview on Organic Farming in Iran: Biofertilizers and Biological Control Agents. APBB: DOI: http://doi.org/10.56669/ZLXG3022
Rezapanah, M. 2011a. Bioethics traces in organic production. Proceeding of 2nd International Congress on Bioethics, Feb. 5-7, 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Genetic Engineering and biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, pp: 95 and144.
Rezapanah, M. 2011b. Fundamental development of biological control based on organic production system. Proceedings of the Biological Control Development Congress in Iran, 27-28 July 2011, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, PP: 277-288.
Sharifi, S.; Karimi, J.; Hosseini, M. and Rezapanah, M. 2014. Efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode species as potential biocontrol agents against the rosaceae longhorned beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens, under laboratory conditions. Nematology 16 (7): 729-737.
Singh, B. R.; McLaughlin, M. J. and Brevik, E. (Eds.). 2017. The Nexus of Soils, Plants, Animals and Human Health. IUSS; GeoEcology essay by Schweizerbart. 163 pages.
Willer, H., Schlatter, B. and Trávníček, J. (Eds.) 2023. The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International, Bonn.
Zala, S. M., and Penn, D. J. 2004. Abnormal behaviours induced by chemical pollution: a review of the evidence and new challenges. Animal Behaviour 68(4): 649-664.