DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/RPAK4236
ABSTRACT
Induced resistance is a plant defense strategy activated by pre-exposure to a stimulus, responding to future pathogen attacks with a faster and stronger defense. Induced resistance can be achieved through various biotic and abiotic tactics. These methods prime the plant immune system and potentiate defense mechanisms, resulting in enhanced protection from diseases. Both Paenibacillus polymyxa, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, and plant-originated protein LsGRP1 can be applied to prime plant defense responses while simultaneously promoting plant growth and reproduction. In addition, the use of these bioproducts can reduce the influence of adverse environments on crop production. Harnessing bioproducts to boost plant immunity holds great potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture for plant health management in a changing world.
Keywords: Plant immunity inducers, defense priming, Paenibacillus polymyxa, LsGRP1, enhancing plant immune activation, induced resistance
Agricultural production suffers enormous losses caused by pathogen attacks. Diseases and pests severely impact plant growth and reproduction, bringing out a heavy reliance on pesticides for crop production. However, long-term and widespread pesticide application presents significant risks to both the environment and human health and accelerates the evolution of pathogen resistance to pesticides. Developing alternative control measures is crucial for environmentally friendly agriculture and sustainable ecology. Induced resistance of plants can prevent damage from diseases by augmenting the basic immune response to mitigate disease development. Plant immunity is activated when pattern-recognition receptors on plant cell surfaces recognize either non-self-molecules from pathogens (such as peptides, fatty acids, or oligosaccharides) or host-derived molecules (Ge et al., 2022). Preventive disease control is designed to avoid infections before pathogens take hold, and it encompasses practices such as using disease-resistant varieties, maintaining healthy soil conditions, and implementing good sanitation. In addition, induced resistance of plants can be employed to strengthen natural defenses by pre-stimulation with plant immunity inducers, which can increase plant resistance to pathogen challenge for a faster and stronger defense response.
Beneficial microbes promote plant health via inducing systemic disease resistance
Food security has become most challenging in the current status of population growth and ever-changing environments. Plant health management is a significant issue of food production, which requires tactical solutions involving proactive and reactive strategies. Plants are associated with billions of surrounding microbes; among them, beneficial ones can promote plant growth and plant health. Beneficial microbes can be introduced into plant environments to prevent pathogen infection and increase nutrient sources for the plant. Plants possess an innate immune system that detects pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns. This recognition triggers defense responses, which prevent the invasion of non-adapted pathogens. However, beneficial microbes priming a state finally result in more efficient defense responses upon subsequent pathogen attacks (Mauch-Mani et al., 2017; Pieterse et al., 2014).
Paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant growth-promoting bacterium with a broad range of applications for controlling diverse plant diseases. P. polymyxa produces bioactive compounds capable of inhibiting fungal growth. One of the antifungal metabolites, fusaricidin, belongs to a class of cyclic lipopeptide, critical for antifungal and disease suppression activities of P. polymyxa TP3, which is a strawberry isolate (Lee et al., 2024; Tsai et al., 2002). Increase of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered plant responses in the leaves of P. polymyxa TP3-drenched strawberry plants compared with water treatment presents a phenomenon of inducing systemic resistance (Lee et al., 2024) which requires the production of fusaricidin. These foundational researches strengthen the application of P. polymyxa TP3 as a priming agent of plant defense. When used as a preventative treatment, this bacterium increases the efficiency of the plant response to pathogen attacks and helps to stabilize fruit production.
Deployment of a plant-originated protein product for enhanced crop immunity and yield stability
Plant immunity inducers can boost plant defenses and induce systemic resistance (Qiu et al., 2017), mainly by priming mechanisms. The fact that defense priming rarely provides complete disease suppression, application of priming-inducing agents is generally brought into the integrated pest and disease management (Conrath et al., 2015). As to plant immunity, the best-characterized pathogen-associated molecular pattern is the bacterial flagellin epitope. Flagellin is the structural protein of bacterial flagella. These flagella extend from the bacterial cell surface and enable bacterial mobility. Flg22, a conserved 22-amino acid sequence from the N-terminal region of flagellin, can effectively activate plant immune responses. The flg22 receptor is widely present in higher plants, and its protein structure is evolutionarily conserved. Upon recognition of the flg22 epitope by the corresponding plant surface receptor, a signal transduction pathway is activated, triggering an immune response characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, stomatal closure, and salicylic acid production. These defense responses can be enhanced by priming with plant immunity inducers.
The nature of plant immunity inducers can be proteins, oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, lipids, lipopeptides, and small molecule metabolites from diverse sources, which can be developed as plant immune-inducing agents. Main products of plant immunity inducers in use include harpin protein, seaweed liquid fertilizer, seaweed powder, and biocontrol agents (Grisham, 2020; Pršić and Ongena, 2020; Qui et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2022; Zu et al., 2024). The Messenger product, composed of the harpin protein, originated from a plant pathogenic bacterium, activates plant natural defense and growth systems. When applied to the plant, the harpin protein application resulted in increased disease resistance, accelerated plant growth, and enhanced crop yield. Messenger is registered in the USA as a biochemical pesticide for seed and postharvest treatments, and integrated into plant disease management. The applications include the fields of citrus, vegetables and fruits, grapes, and strawberry. In addition, Serenade, Chitosan, ATaiLing, Serifel, and microorganism-originated active compounds, including acyl-homoserine lactones, cyclic lipopeptides, rhamnolipids, N-alkylated benzylamide derivative, siderophores, and volatile compounds, are all effective inducers of plant immunity inducers (Grisham, 2020; Pršić and Ongena, 2020; Qui et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2022; Zu et al., 2024). The mechanisms of plant defense priming and induced resistance may involve transcriptional, post-translational, metabolic, physiological, and epigenetic reprograming, which finally enables fine-tuning defenses for a rapid and more robust response to pathogen stimulus.
Plant defense-related proteins increase their production in response to pathogen infection, which play crucial roles in plant defense to fight off invading pathogens. Salicylic acid is a plant defense hormone, directing the expression of defense-related genes, thereby inducing disease resistance, as demonstrated in Lilium against Botrytis leaf blight. A salicylic acid-induced protein, LsGRP1, localized to the plant cell membrane and cell wall, is capable of enhancing pattern-triggered immunity and promoting plant growth (Lin et al., 2020). This Lilium glycine-rich protein induces resistance of plants against a broad range of pathogens, which can be applied exogenously to reduce disease severity based on the breakthrough of LsGRP1 production. The LsGRP1-derived product can reduce the incidence of strawberry leaf blight and increase the diameter of strawberry crowns. In melons, fruit yields increase with the application of the LsGRP1 product. The disease control efficacy is assumed to be attributed to the peptide composition of LsGRP1. LsGRP1 in planta exhibits dual antifungal and plant resistance-inducing functions, and its effect of plant defense priming (trained immunity) is beneficial to plant growth and reproduction. Plant defense priming enables plants to be in a ready state and presents a more robust and faster defense response to subsequent pathogen attacks, which is also associated with systemic immunity. SA functioning as a stimulus to enhance plant defenses to pathogens was used to screen out the LsGRP1-encoding sequence (Lu and Chen, 2005). LsGRP1 can prime defense and induce systemic disease resistance of the plant, also promote plant growth and increase fruit yields. A precious value of this kind of products is to keep crop production under adverse environments.
Optimizing growth-defense trade-offs in plants
Induced resistance of a plant is a physiological state of enhanced defensive capacity developed in response to stimuli, and is a fitness optimization strategy of a plant to achieve growth and defense modulation. Induced disease resistance can be attained by various priming stimuli, such as colonization of the roots with beneficial microbes, or treating the plant with various chemicals; primed plants respond more rapidly and effectively upon encountering biotic stress, frequently associated with enhanced disease resistance (Reglinski et al., 2023). In addition, defense priming can increase plant resilience to abiotic stresses (Mauch-Mani et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2021). The features of induced resistance maintain a vigor state of plants and stabilize the reproduction (Martinez-Medina et al., 2016)
The phenomenon of plant growth and defense trade-off is an inverse relationship between growth and defense. This dynamic interplay inevitably results in a reduced defense, and thereby adversely affects plant health. The growth-defense trade-offs involve plant resource allocation (Monson et al., 2022), where switches controlled by different hormonal, or non-hormonal regulatory mechanisms may occur (He et al., 2022). As is known, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the apoplast favors plant growth and an increase of ROS levels represses plant growth, but increase disease resistance (Neuser et al., 2019), that may drive the switch between plant growth and defense activation. The understanding of growth-defense trade-offs in plants is crucial for improving yield without compromising the plant’s ability to withstand stresses, which can be modulated by defense priming via application of beneficial microorganisms and exogenous compounds minimizing the cost to plant growth (Buswell et al., 2018; Grisham, 2020; Liu et al., 2025). In diverse crops, the priming methods just indicated have a practical value for plant protection, probably via inducible expression of defense genes. They concentrated defense in particular times, providing a route to decipher how to consider plant growth and defense simultaneously. By optimizing growth–defense trade-offs, benefits can be achieved for crop health and production.
CONCLUSIONS
Priming the plant immune system represents a promising and sustainable strategy for maintaining crop health from planting to harvest. The use of beneficial microbes and plant-originated protein products effectively induces systemic resistance, enabling plants to mount faster and stronger responses against pathogen invasion. These immune activators not only protect crops from diseases but also contribute to the better plant growth and yields, offering an eco-friendly plant protection materials to reduce environmental pollution and promote soil health. In addition, integrating these biological approaches into crop management systems can mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stresses, which are becoming increasingly prevalent due to climate change. As research advances, the development of novel bio-formulations and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying defense priming will further increase the effectiveness and reliability of these tactics. Ultimately, harnessing the bioproducts for booting plant immunity holds great potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture for stabilizing crop production and food security in the climate-stressed world.
REFERENCES
Buswell, W., R. E. Schwarzenbacher, E. Luna, M. Sellwood, B. Chen, V. Flors, P. Pétriacq and J. Ton 2018. Chemical priming of immunity without costs to plant growth. New Phytol. 218:1205-1216.
Conrath, U., G. J. M. Beckers, C. J. G. Langenbach, and M. R. Jaskiewicz. 2015. Priming for enhanced defense. Annual Review of Phytopathology 53:97-119.
Ge, D., I.-C. Yeo and L. Shan. 2022. Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity. Essays Biochem. 66:447–458.
Grisham, J. 2020. Protein biopesticide may be next wave in pest control. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:595.
He, Z., S. Webster and S. Y. He. 2022. Growth-defense trade-offs in plants. Curr. Biol. 32:R634-R639.
Lee, B.-Y., P.-L. Chen and C.-Y. Chen. 2024. Suppression of strawberry anthracnose by Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 in situ and from a distance. Plant Dis. 108:700-710.
Lin, C.-H., Y.-C. Pan, N.-H. Ye, Y.-T. Shih, F.-W. Liu and C.-Y. Chen. 2020. LsGRP1, a class II glycine-rich protein of Lilium, confers plant resistance via mediating innate immune activation and inducing fungal programmed cell death. Mol. Plant Pathol. 21:1149-1166.
Liu, Y., A. Shi, Y. Chen, Z. Xu, Y. Liu, Y. Yao, Y. Wang and B. Jia. 2025. Beneficial microorganisms: Regulating growth and defense for plant welfare. Plant Biotechnol. J. 23:986–998.
Lu, Y.-Y. and C.-Y. Chen. 2005. Molecular analysis of lily leaves in response to salicylic acid effective towards protection against Botrytis elliptica. Plant Sci. 169:1-9.
Martinez-Medina, A., V. Flors, M. Heil, B. Mauch-Mani, C. M. J. Pieterse, M. J. Pozo, J. Ton, N. M. van Dam and U. Conrath. 2016. Recognizing plant defense priming. Trends Plant Sci. 21:818-822.
Mauch-Mani, B., I. Baccelli, E. Luna and V. Flors. 2017. Defense priming: an adaptive part of induced resistance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 68:485–512.
Monson, R. K., A. M. Trowbridge, R. L. Lindroth and M. T. Lerdau. 2022. Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth–defense tradeoffs. New Phytol. 233:1051-1066.
Neuser, J., C. C. Metzen, B. H. Dreyer, C. Feulner, J. T. van Dongen, R. R. Schmidt and J. H. M. Schippers. 2019. HBI1 mediates the trade-off between growth and immunity through its impact on apoplastic ROS homeostasis. Cell Rep. 28:1670-1678.
Pieterse, C. M. J., C. Zamioudis, R. L. Berendsen, D. M. Weller, C. M. S. C.M. Van Wees and P. A. H. M. Bakker. 2014. Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 52:347–75.
Pršić, J. and M. Ongena. 2020. Elicitors of plant immunity triggered by beneficial bacteria. Front. Plant Sci. 11:594530.
Qui, D., Y. Dong, Y. Zhang, S. Li and F. Shi. 2017. Plant immunity inducer development and application. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 30:355-360.
Reglinski, T., N. Havis, H. J. Rees and H. de Jong. 2023. The practical role of induced resistance for crop protection. Phytopathology 113:719-731.
Sarkar, J., U. Chakraborty and B. Chakraborty. 2021. High‐temperature resilience in Bacillus safensis primed wheat plants: A study of dynamic response associated with modulation of antioxidant machinery, differential expression of HSPs and osmolyte biosynthesis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 182:104315.
Tsai, S.-H., Y.-T. Chen, Y.-L. Yang, B.-Y. Lee, C.-J. Huang and C.-Y. Chen. 2022. The potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 produces fusaricidin-type compounds involved in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 112:775-783.
Yang, B., S. Yang, W. Zheng and Y. Wang. 2022. Plant immunity inducers: from discovery to agricultural application. Stress Biol. 2:5.
Zhu, F., M.-Y. Cao, Q.-P. Zhang, R. Mohan, J. Schar, M. Mitchell, H. Chen, F. Liu, D. Wang and Z. Q. Fu. 2024. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J. Adv. Res. 57:15-42.
Priming the Plant Immune System for Securing Crop Health and Production
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56669/RPAK4236
ABSTRACT
Induced resistance is a plant defense strategy activated by pre-exposure to a stimulus, responding to future pathogen attacks with a faster and stronger defense. Induced resistance can be achieved through various biotic and abiotic tactics. These methods prime the plant immune system and potentiate defense mechanisms, resulting in enhanced protection from diseases. Both Paenibacillus polymyxa, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, and plant-originated protein LsGRP1 can be applied to prime plant defense responses while simultaneously promoting plant growth and reproduction. In addition, the use of these bioproducts can reduce the influence of adverse environments on crop production. Harnessing bioproducts to boost plant immunity holds great potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture for plant health management in a changing world.
Keywords: Plant immunity inducers, defense priming, Paenibacillus polymyxa, LsGRP1, enhancing plant immune activation, induced resistance
Agricultural production suffers enormous losses caused by pathogen attacks. Diseases and pests severely impact plant growth and reproduction, bringing out a heavy reliance on pesticides for crop production. However, long-term and widespread pesticide application presents significant risks to both the environment and human health and accelerates the evolution of pathogen resistance to pesticides. Developing alternative control measures is crucial for environmentally friendly agriculture and sustainable ecology. Induced resistance of plants can prevent damage from diseases by augmenting the basic immune response to mitigate disease development. Plant immunity is activated when pattern-recognition receptors on plant cell surfaces recognize either non-self-molecules from pathogens (such as peptides, fatty acids, or oligosaccharides) or host-derived molecules (Ge et al., 2022). Preventive disease control is designed to avoid infections before pathogens take hold, and it encompasses practices such as using disease-resistant varieties, maintaining healthy soil conditions, and implementing good sanitation. In addition, induced resistance of plants can be employed to strengthen natural defenses by pre-stimulation with plant immunity inducers, which can increase plant resistance to pathogen challenge for a faster and stronger defense response.
Beneficial microbes promote plant health via inducing systemic disease resistance
Food security has become most challenging in the current status of population growth and ever-changing environments. Plant health management is a significant issue of food production, which requires tactical solutions involving proactive and reactive strategies. Plants are associated with billions of surrounding microbes; among them, beneficial ones can promote plant growth and plant health. Beneficial microbes can be introduced into plant environments to prevent pathogen infection and increase nutrient sources for the plant. Plants possess an innate immune system that detects pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns. This recognition triggers defense responses, which prevent the invasion of non-adapted pathogens. However, beneficial microbes priming a state finally result in more efficient defense responses upon subsequent pathogen attacks (Mauch-Mani et al., 2017; Pieterse et al., 2014).
Paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant growth-promoting bacterium with a broad range of applications for controlling diverse plant diseases. P. polymyxa produces bioactive compounds capable of inhibiting fungal growth. One of the antifungal metabolites, fusaricidin, belongs to a class of cyclic lipopeptide, critical for antifungal and disease suppression activities of P. polymyxa TP3, which is a strawberry isolate (Lee et al., 2024; Tsai et al., 2002). Increase of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered plant responses in the leaves of P. polymyxa TP3-drenched strawberry plants compared with water treatment presents a phenomenon of inducing systemic resistance (Lee et al., 2024) which requires the production of fusaricidin. These foundational researches strengthen the application of P. polymyxa TP3 as a priming agent of plant defense. When used as a preventative treatment, this bacterium increases the efficiency of the plant response to pathogen attacks and helps to stabilize fruit production.
Deployment of a plant-originated protein product for enhanced crop immunity and yield stability
Plant immunity inducers can boost plant defenses and induce systemic resistance (Qiu et al., 2017), mainly by priming mechanisms. The fact that defense priming rarely provides complete disease suppression, application of priming-inducing agents is generally brought into the integrated pest and disease management (Conrath et al., 2015). As to plant immunity, the best-characterized pathogen-associated molecular pattern is the bacterial flagellin epitope. Flagellin is the structural protein of bacterial flagella. These flagella extend from the bacterial cell surface and enable bacterial mobility. Flg22, a conserved 22-amino acid sequence from the N-terminal region of flagellin, can effectively activate plant immune responses. The flg22 receptor is widely present in higher plants, and its protein structure is evolutionarily conserved. Upon recognition of the flg22 epitope by the corresponding plant surface receptor, a signal transduction pathway is activated, triggering an immune response characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, stomatal closure, and salicylic acid production. These defense responses can be enhanced by priming with plant immunity inducers.
The nature of plant immunity inducers can be proteins, oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, lipids, lipopeptides, and small molecule metabolites from diverse sources, which can be developed as plant immune-inducing agents. Main products of plant immunity inducers in use include harpin protein, seaweed liquid fertilizer, seaweed powder, and biocontrol agents (Grisham, 2020; Pršić and Ongena, 2020; Qui et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2022; Zu et al., 2024). The Messenger product, composed of the harpin protein, originated from a plant pathogenic bacterium, activates plant natural defense and growth systems. When applied to the plant, the harpin protein application resulted in increased disease resistance, accelerated plant growth, and enhanced crop yield. Messenger is registered in the USA as a biochemical pesticide for seed and postharvest treatments, and integrated into plant disease management. The applications include the fields of citrus, vegetables and fruits, grapes, and strawberry. In addition, Serenade, Chitosan, ATaiLing, Serifel, and microorganism-originated active compounds, including acyl-homoserine lactones, cyclic lipopeptides, rhamnolipids, N-alkylated benzylamide derivative, siderophores, and volatile compounds, are all effective inducers of plant immunity inducers (Grisham, 2020; Pršić and Ongena, 2020; Qui et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2022; Zu et al., 2024). The mechanisms of plant defense priming and induced resistance may involve transcriptional, post-translational, metabolic, physiological, and epigenetic reprograming, which finally enables fine-tuning defenses for a rapid and more robust response to pathogen stimulus.
Plant defense-related proteins increase their production in response to pathogen infection, which play crucial roles in plant defense to fight off invading pathogens. Salicylic acid is a plant defense hormone, directing the expression of defense-related genes, thereby inducing disease resistance, as demonstrated in Lilium against Botrytis leaf blight. A salicylic acid-induced protein, LsGRP1, localized to the plant cell membrane and cell wall, is capable of enhancing pattern-triggered immunity and promoting plant growth (Lin et al., 2020). This Lilium glycine-rich protein induces resistance of plants against a broad range of pathogens, which can be applied exogenously to reduce disease severity based on the breakthrough of LsGRP1 production. The LsGRP1-derived product can reduce the incidence of strawberry leaf blight and increase the diameter of strawberry crowns. In melons, fruit yields increase with the application of the LsGRP1 product. The disease control efficacy is assumed to be attributed to the peptide composition of LsGRP1. LsGRP1 in planta exhibits dual antifungal and plant resistance-inducing functions, and its effect of plant defense priming (trained immunity) is beneficial to plant growth and reproduction. Plant defense priming enables plants to be in a ready state and presents a more robust and faster defense response to subsequent pathogen attacks, which is also associated with systemic immunity. SA functioning as a stimulus to enhance plant defenses to pathogens was used to screen out the LsGRP1-encoding sequence (Lu and Chen, 2005). LsGRP1 can prime defense and induce systemic disease resistance of the plant, also promote plant growth and increase fruit yields. A precious value of this kind of products is to keep crop production under adverse environments.
Optimizing growth-defense trade-offs in plants
Induced resistance of a plant is a physiological state of enhanced defensive capacity developed in response to stimuli, and is a fitness optimization strategy of a plant to achieve growth and defense modulation. Induced disease resistance can be attained by various priming stimuli, such as colonization of the roots with beneficial microbes, or treating the plant with various chemicals; primed plants respond more rapidly and effectively upon encountering biotic stress, frequently associated with enhanced disease resistance (Reglinski et al., 2023). In addition, defense priming can increase plant resilience to abiotic stresses (Mauch-Mani et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2021). The features of induced resistance maintain a vigor state of plants and stabilize the reproduction (Martinez-Medina et al., 2016)
The phenomenon of plant growth and defense trade-off is an inverse relationship between growth and defense. This dynamic interplay inevitably results in a reduced defense, and thereby adversely affects plant health. The growth-defense trade-offs involve plant resource allocation (Monson et al., 2022), where switches controlled by different hormonal, or non-hormonal regulatory mechanisms may occur (He et al., 2022). As is known, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the apoplast favors plant growth and an increase of ROS levels represses plant growth, but increase disease resistance (Neuser et al., 2019), that may drive the switch between plant growth and defense activation. The understanding of growth-defense trade-offs in plants is crucial for improving yield without compromising the plant’s ability to withstand stresses, which can be modulated by defense priming via application of beneficial microorganisms and exogenous compounds minimizing the cost to plant growth (Buswell et al., 2018; Grisham, 2020; Liu et al., 2025). In diverse crops, the priming methods just indicated have a practical value for plant protection, probably via inducible expression of defense genes. They concentrated defense in particular times, providing a route to decipher how to consider plant growth and defense simultaneously. By optimizing growth–defense trade-offs, benefits can be achieved for crop health and production.
CONCLUSIONS
Priming the plant immune system represents a promising and sustainable strategy for maintaining crop health from planting to harvest. The use of beneficial microbes and plant-originated protein products effectively induces systemic resistance, enabling plants to mount faster and stronger responses against pathogen invasion. These immune activators not only protect crops from diseases but also contribute to the better plant growth and yields, offering an eco-friendly plant protection materials to reduce environmental pollution and promote soil health. In addition, integrating these biological approaches into crop management systems can mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stresses, which are becoming increasingly prevalent due to climate change. As research advances, the development of novel bio-formulations and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying defense priming will further increase the effectiveness and reliability of these tactics. Ultimately, harnessing the bioproducts for booting plant immunity holds great potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture for stabilizing crop production and food security in the climate-stressed world.
REFERENCES
Buswell, W., R. E. Schwarzenbacher, E. Luna, M. Sellwood, B. Chen, V. Flors, P. Pétriacq and J. Ton 2018. Chemical priming of immunity without costs to plant growth. New Phytol. 218:1205-1216.
Conrath, U., G. J. M. Beckers, C. J. G. Langenbach, and M. R. Jaskiewicz. 2015. Priming for enhanced defense. Annual Review of Phytopathology 53:97-119.
Ge, D., I.-C. Yeo and L. Shan. 2022. Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity. Essays Biochem. 66:447–458.
Grisham, J. 2020. Protein biopesticide may be next wave in pest control. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:595.
He, Z., S. Webster and S. Y. He. 2022. Growth-defense trade-offs in plants. Curr. Biol. 32:R634-R639.
Lee, B.-Y., P.-L. Chen and C.-Y. Chen. 2024. Suppression of strawberry anthracnose by Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 in situ and from a distance. Plant Dis. 108:700-710.
Lin, C.-H., Y.-C. Pan, N.-H. Ye, Y.-T. Shih, F.-W. Liu and C.-Y. Chen. 2020. LsGRP1, a class II glycine-rich protein of Lilium, confers plant resistance via mediating innate immune activation and inducing fungal programmed cell death. Mol. Plant Pathol. 21:1149-1166.
Liu, Y., A. Shi, Y. Chen, Z. Xu, Y. Liu, Y. Yao, Y. Wang and B. Jia. 2025. Beneficial microorganisms: Regulating growth and defense for plant welfare. Plant Biotechnol. J. 23:986–998.
Lu, Y.-Y. and C.-Y. Chen. 2005. Molecular analysis of lily leaves in response to salicylic acid effective towards protection against Botrytis elliptica. Plant Sci. 169:1-9.
Martinez-Medina, A., V. Flors, M. Heil, B. Mauch-Mani, C. M. J. Pieterse, M. J. Pozo, J. Ton, N. M. van Dam and U. Conrath. 2016. Recognizing plant defense priming. Trends Plant Sci. 21:818-822.
Mauch-Mani, B., I. Baccelli, E. Luna and V. Flors. 2017. Defense priming: an adaptive part of induced resistance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 68:485–512.
Monson, R. K., A. M. Trowbridge, R. L. Lindroth and M. T. Lerdau. 2022. Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth–defense tradeoffs. New Phytol. 233:1051-1066.
Neuser, J., C. C. Metzen, B. H. Dreyer, C. Feulner, J. T. van Dongen, R. R. Schmidt and J. H. M. Schippers. 2019. HBI1 mediates the trade-off between growth and immunity through its impact on apoplastic ROS homeostasis. Cell Rep. 28:1670-1678.
Pieterse, C. M. J., C. Zamioudis, R. L. Berendsen, D. M. Weller, C. M. S. C.M. Van Wees and P. A. H. M. Bakker. 2014. Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 52:347–75.
Pršić, J. and M. Ongena. 2020. Elicitors of plant immunity triggered by beneficial bacteria. Front. Plant Sci. 11:594530.
Qui, D., Y. Dong, Y. Zhang, S. Li and F. Shi. 2017. Plant immunity inducer development and application. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 30:355-360.
Reglinski, T., N. Havis, H. J. Rees and H. de Jong. 2023. The practical role of induced resistance for crop protection. Phytopathology 113:719-731.
Sarkar, J., U. Chakraborty and B. Chakraborty. 2021. High‐temperature resilience in Bacillus safensis primed wheat plants: A study of dynamic response associated with modulation of antioxidant machinery, differential expression of HSPs and osmolyte biosynthesis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 182:104315.
Tsai, S.-H., Y.-T. Chen, Y.-L. Yang, B.-Y. Lee, C.-J. Huang and C.-Y. Chen. 2022. The potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 produces fusaricidin-type compounds involved in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 112:775-783.
Yang, B., S. Yang, W. Zheng and Y. Wang. 2022. Plant immunity inducers: from discovery to agricultural application. Stress Biol. 2:5.
Zhu, F., M.-Y. Cao, Q.-P. Zhang, R. Mohan, J. Schar, M. Mitchell, H. Chen, F. Liu, D. Wang and Z. Q. Fu. 2024. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J. Adv. Res. 57:15-42.